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Reproductive Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the internal female organs?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

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2
Q

What are the external female organs?

A

(Vulva)
labia majora and minora, clitoris

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3
Q

What is the function of ovaries?

A

Produce and secrete estrogen and progesterone
Store oocytes and release as ovum at ovulation

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4
Q

What are the regions of the ovaries and their function?

A

Ovarian medulla (inner) has network of vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
Ovarian cortex (outer) houses follicles which contain oocytes

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5
Q

What is the function of fallopian tubes?

A

Pathway for ovum to travel from ovary to uterus
Site of fertilisation
Lumen has peg cells to nourish ovum and sperm
Outer muscles generate peristaltic movements

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6
Q

What is the inner lining of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Outer stratum basalis adheres to myometrium
Inner stratum functionalis develops vascular network and is shed at menses

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7
Q

What is the middle layer of the uterus?

A

Myometrium
Thick layer of smooth muscle
Contract during and after birth

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8
Q

What is the outer layer of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Protective layer continuous with other organs
Secretes lubricant to prevent friction injury

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9
Q

Describe the cervix

A

Narrow portion joining uterus to vagina
Internal os joins uterus to cervix
External os joins cervix to vagina
Secretes mucus which changes throughout the cycle

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10
Q

How does the cervix change during pregnancy?

A

Produces thick secretions forming a mucus plug which prevents pathogen entry
When the cervix thins and dilates during labour the plug dislodges = bloody show

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11
Q

Describe the vagina

A

Elastic and muscular passage
Internal mucosal lining
Middle muscular layer
Outer tough connective tissue layer

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12
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

STI results in inflammation of internal organs
SX: pain, discharge, fever
Risk fertility and future pregnancies

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13
Q

What is the purpose of menstruation?

A

To prepare the uterus for a pregnancy
28 day average cycle
4-6 day menses

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14
Q

What is menarche?

A

First period

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15
Q

What is phase 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 1-5
Menstrual phase
Endometrium sheds

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16
Q

What is phase 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 6-13
Follicular phase
Pituitary releases FSH to stimulate several follicles to develop
Developing follicles release estrogen which causes endometrium to thicken
One dominant follicle emerges and continues to develop

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17
Q

What is phase 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 14
Ovulation
Surge of LH from pituitary triggers follicle to release matured ova into fallopian tube for fertilisation

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18
Q

What is phase 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 15-28
Luteal phase
Ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum which produces progesterone stimulating the uterus to increase in vasculature and thickness
If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degrades to a luteum albicans so less hormones are produced and the cycle begins again with low hormone levels
If fertilisation does occur, the trophoblast secretes human chorionic gonadotropin to support pregnancy and interrupt the cycle

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19
Q

What is menopause?

A

Permanent cessation of menstrual cycle after 12 consecutive months without menses
Ovaries produce less hormones creating symptoms and affecting bone/cardiac health
Perimenopause is transition phase when hormones start to fluctuate and periods are irregular

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20
Q

How does reproduction occur?

A

Sperm reaches ovum
Attaches to receptor triggering a change so no other sperm can attach
Sperm releases enzyme to break down zona pellucida (protective layer)
Sperm enters and combines genetic material = zygote formed
Zygote undergoes process to become blastocyst and implants in uterus

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21
Q

What is a gene?

Study These Flashcards
A

A segment of DNA with instructions for a trait
May exist as an allele which produces variations of a trait e.g. eye colour

22
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

Study These Flashcards
A

46
(23 from sperm and 23 from ovum)

23
Q

How is pregnancy term and foetal age calculated?

Study These Flashcards
A

Pregnancy term calculated from day 1 of last menses

Foetal age is 2 weeks (half a cycle) later than day 1 of last menses

24
Q

What is trimester 1?

Study These Flashcards
A

0-12 weeks gestation
Fundus at pelvic brim
Increased RR + HR, BP drops by 10 systolic

Embryo becomes a foetus at week 8 (heart beats >3 weeks)
External sex organs, nails and eyelids form

25
What is trimester 2?
13-26 weeks gestation Fundus at umbilical level Relaxin is released causing ligaments to loosen Increased foetal movement Lungs and taste buds forming
26
What is trimester 3?
27-40 weeks gestation Fundus at xiphisternum level Blood volume increases by 50%; RBC increased by 30% (relative anaemia) Hypercoagulable BP normalised Rapid foetal weight gain Foetus orientates head down
27
What is the condition of severe N+V in pregnancy called?
Hyperemesis gravidarum Week 4 onward Creates issues with nutrition, weight loss, electrolytes and distress
28
What are the 3 stages of foetal development?
Germinal 0-2 weeks Embryonic 3-8 weeks Foetal 9-40 weeks
29
What is the germinal stage?
0-2 weeks Zygote undergoes mitosis every 12 hours until 16 cells have formed = morula At day 5 the morula undergoes cell differentiation and becomes a blastocyst -Inner embryoblast (becomes embryo) -Blastocele fluid compartment -Trophoblast outer wall (becomes placenta) At day 9 the blastocele implants in uterus when vili of trophoblast embeds in endometrium
30
What is the embryonic stage?
3-8 weeks Embryoblast continues cell division/differentiation increasing in size and complexity 3 germ layers develop: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm Neural tube and cell bulge forms (spinal cord and brain) Organogenesis begins (heart first) Endometrial tissue and trophoblastic material form placenta Umbilical cord forms for vascular link (2 arteries and 1 vein)
31
What is the foetal stage?
9-40 weeks (considered viable at 20 weeks) Organs continue to develop Vernix caseosa is creamy skin coating that protects against amniotic fluid and temperature Lanugo down-like hair helps bind vernix to skin
32
How does blood flow from maternal to foetus?
Placenta creates interface between uterine arteries and umbilical cord An array of protrusions on placenta gives high surface area for gas exchange (as lungs are full of fluid)
33
How does blood flow through the foetus?
Placenta interface between uterine arteries and umbilical cord Oxygenated blood flows through umbilical vein into vena cava —> RA Blood flows from RA —> LA via the foramen ovalae (bypasses pulmonary circulation) and through the circulatory system Mixed deoxygenated/oxygenated blood flows back via the umbilical arteries
34
How is blood diverted away from the pulmonary circulation in the foetus?
Foramen ovalae transports blood from RA —> LA Any blood that enters the RV and PA is restricted by constricted vessels and the ductus arteriosus diverts blood from the PA to the aorta
35
How does birth help to open the pulmonary circulation in baby?
High pressure stimulates baby to take a breath which fills lungs with air and causes the vessels to relax constriction Blood can then easily flow into the lungs The increased pressure of blood in the LA causes the foramen ovalae to close
36
How does blood flow stop in the umbilical cord after birth?
The mucus tissue (whartons jelly) constricts in the cold external temperature clamping off vessels
37
What are the 3 phases of normal delivery?
Labour Birth Delivery of placenta
38
What happens in labour phase of normal delivery?
(Hours - days) Early phase: cervix thins and dilates, mild/irregular cramps, bloody show and amniotic fluid rupture Active phase: contractions 3-5minutes apart, cervix dilates to 6cm, foetal head engages starting the feedback loop Transition phase: contraction 2-3 minutes apart and lasting up to 90s, cervix dilates to 10cm, lower pressure felt
39
What happens in the birth phase of normal delivery?
(Minutes - 3 hours) Mother pushes with each contraction Supine, squat or hands and knees position Support perineum and guide head to reduce tearing Deliver baby via cardinal movements
40
What are the cardinal movements?
Engagement: head reaches ischial spine Descent: head within pelvic inlet Flexion: chin tuck to reduce presenting diameter Internal rotation: head rotates to align widest parts Extension: head reaches pelvic floor, occiput extends to sweep face under pubic bone Restitution + external rotation: head is born and naturally realigns with shoulders, then rotates to thigh to align shoulders with pelvis Expulsion: body delivered
41
What happens in the placenta delivery phase?
(<30minutes) Uterus continues contracting to detach placenta from wall Signs of separation include cord lengthening, gush of blood or changed uterine shape Must check for completeness to avoid infection and retained tissue
42
What is the function of testes?
Spermatogenesis Produce and secrete testosterone
43
What is the function of the epididymis?
Long coiled tube on each teste Mature and store sperm
44
What is the function of the vas deferens?
Tubes carry sperm from epididymis to urethra Connects with seminal vesicles to form ejaculation ducts
45
What are seminal vesicles?
Glands secrete fructose fish fluid to give sperm energy Combines with sperm to form semen
46
What is the prostate gland?
Gland around urethra Adds milky/white fluid to the semen to help nourish and protect sperm
47
What is the balbourethral gland?
Below prostate Secretes fluid prior to ejaculate to neutralise acid and cleanse the urethra
48
What is spermatogenesis?
Occurs in testes Division and growth of germ cells into spermatozoa Released into epididymis for maturation
49
What is pre-eclampsia?
Occurs >20weeks Marked by hypertension, oedema and proteinuria Risk factors: first pregnancy, history, hypertension, kidney disease SX: high BP >140/90, oedema, weight gain, vision change, headache, abdo pain, reduced urine, SOB, vomiting
50
What is eclampsia?
Evolved state of untreated pre-eclampsia marked by seizures (tonic-clonic)/ALOC Can cause organ damage, placental abruption, foetal issues, brain damage, stroke and death
51
What is primary and secondary PPH?
Primary: <24hours caused by tissue, trauma, thrombus or tone issues Secondary: 24hours-6 weeks caused by tissue, infection or uterus not returned to size SX: bleeding, clots, hypotension, tachycardia, dizzy, pale

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