Reproductive Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
English physiologist who founded experimental physiology and published a treatise on reproduction
A
William Harvey
2
Q
What is the indivation of william harvey regarding life
A
All life developed from the egg
3
Q
Reproduction is not restricted to eggs and sperm but can also be by
A
Fission, budding, fragmentation
4
Q
Two modes of reproduction
A
Asexual and sexual reproduction
5
Q
enhances long-term survival for the species.
A
Reproduction
6
Q
Reproduction is one of the ______ properties of life
A
Ubiquitous
7
Q
Is the production of new individuals without gametes.
A
Asexual Reproduction
8
Q
How many parents does asexual reproduction need?
A
One parent
9
Q
Genetically identical offspring are produced
A
Clones
10
Q
Asexual reproduction is widespread in?
A
Bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, invertebrae phyla
11
Q
Common among bacteria and protozoa where the parent divides by mitosis into two parts
A
Binary fission
12
Q
Offspring of binary fission?
A
Clone
13
Q
Binary fission can be in what directions?
A
lengthwise or transverse
14
Q
Cytoplasmic division then produces many daughter cells simultaneously
A
Multiple fission
15
Q
Nucleus divides repeatedly
A
schizogony
16
Q
Is a type of schizogony found in some parasitic unicellular
eukaryotes
A
Sporogony
16
Q
Unequal division of an organism where bud is outgrowth of the parent
A
budding
17
Q
New individual arises from cell aggregation surrounded by a resistant
capsule
A
Gemmulation
18
Q
resistant capsule
A
gemmule
19
Q
What animal does gemmulation commonly occur
A
freshwater sponges
19
Q
What animal does budding commonly occur?
A
Cnidarians and animal phyla
20
Q
Multicellular animal breaking into many fragments that become a new
animal
A
fragmentation
21
Q
What animal does fragmentation commonly occur?
A
anemones, hydroids
21
Q
is the production of new individuals from
gametes.
A
sexual reproduction
22
how many parents in sexual reproduction?
2
22
What unites in sexual reproduction at what is its outcome?
germ cells, zygote
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Produces offspring from union of gametes from two genetically different
parents
Bisexual Reproduction
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Organs that produce germ cells called gametes
gonads
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Individuals are male or female
dioecious
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is large with stored yolk and generally nonmotile— made in the ovary.
ovum
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usually small, motile, and more numerous— made in the testis.
Spermatozoa
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Occurs in the gonads and has double cell division
meiosis
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What does meiosis produces?
4 haploid cells
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Two haploid cells combine and restores the diploid chromosome number in the zygote
fertilization
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how does zygote divides?
mitosis
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Special type of sexual reproduction since it occurs in unicellular creatures that can do both sexual and asexual
types of reproduction
conjugation
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Conjugation occurs in unicellular creatures that can do both sexual and asexual types of reproduction like like
Paramecium
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Conjugation has no gametes used but exchange nuclear material is via?
cytoplasmic merger or connection tubes
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Does conjugation has distinct sex/gender in the population
no
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which has many offspring, dioecious or monoecious?
monoecious
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occurs when one individual has both male and female organs.
hermaphroditism
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other term for having both female and male?
monoecious
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what doe hermaphroditism prefers when being fertilized
exchange gametes with other members of the same species
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Same organism with both male and female sex organs
simultaneous hermaphroditism
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A genetically programmed sex change occurs with an individual organism
sequential hermaphroditism
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is the development of an embryo from
unfertilized egg
parthenogenesis
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is a variant of meiotic parthenogenesis.
haploidiploidy
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type of hermaphroditism where life begins as either male or female then changes to become the
opposite sex/gender
sequential hermaphroditism
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occur when development proceeds after male and female nuclei fail to unite after fertilization.
parthenogenesis
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Two types of parthenogenesis
ameiotic parthenogenesis
meiotic parthenogenesis
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What type of cell division occurs in ameiotic parthenogenesis?
mitosis
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What type of cell division occurs in meiotic parthenogenesis?
meiosis
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what animals does haploidiploidy occurs?
bees, wasps, and ants
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Describe the activation of the sperm in ameiotic parthenogenesis
NO fusion of sperm to the egg
but activates it
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Describe the activation of the sperm in meiotic parthenogenesis
no fusion, no activation
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In some species, the haploid egg returns to a diploid condition by chromosomal duplication or autogamy
Meiotic parthenogenesis
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who controls whether the eggs are fertilized or unfertilized
queen
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in haploidiploidy fertilized eggs become
female workers / queen
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In haploidiploidy unfertilized eggs develop into
drones (males)
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What do you call rejoining of haploid nuclei?
Autogamy
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In crowded habitats, _____________ is intense and ____________ prevents extinction.
natural selection, diversity
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Nonreproductive body cells, become differentiated, function, and die before or with the animal
somatic cells
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Form gametes, provides a continuity of life between generations
germ cells
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What are gametes?
sperm and egg cells
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In many invertebrates, germ cells develop directly from?
somatic cells
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Male determining gene
sex-determining region Y
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A gene activated by sex determining region where it drives production of
Sertoli cells .
SOX9
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necessary for the support, protection, and nourishment of developing sperm
sertoli cells
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Secretes testosterone which, with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), masculinizes the fetus
Testis
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is indirectly responsible for masculinization of the brain
testosterone
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determines brain organization for male-typical behavior
estrogen
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what does testis secretes to masculinized the fetus
testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
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Testosterone is enzymatically converted to ____ in the brain
estrogen
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In rats a _________ binds to estrogen and prevents it from reaching the
developed brain
blood protein
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In humans, there may be a ________ of estrogen receptors in the female brain
low concentration
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Determined by chromosomes in most vertebrates like mammals and fish
gonadal sex
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gonadal sex is _________
gene dosage dependent
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Depends on hormones that is affected by nongenetic factors
phenotypic and behavioral sex
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What are non genetic factors
temperature of incubation and
social behavior
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Production of mature gametes
gametogenesis
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Formation of sperm or male gametes
spermatogenesis
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Types of gametogenesis
spermatogenesis and oogenesis
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where does the formation of sperm occurs?
Seminiferous tubules of the
testis
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Formation of eggs or female gametes
oogenesis
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where does the formation of egg occurs?
within the follicles of the ovaries
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provide nourishment to the sperm cells
sertoli cells
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Undergoes the first meiotic division and what is its outcome?
primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes
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Found in the outermost layer of the seminiferous tubules
spermatogonia
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Spermatogonia:How does it divide and what its outcome?
mitosis, primary spermatocytes
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The four spermatids are transformed into _____
4 spermatozoa
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Undergoes the second meiotic division and what is its outcome?
secondary spermatocytes, 2 spermatids
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Most are very small—size varies from 50 µm to 2 mm
spermatozoa
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true or false: All sexually reproducing animals have more eggs than sperm to increase chances of fertilization rates and maximize survival
false
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diploid / haploid? secondary spermatocytes
haploid
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diploid / haploid? spermatogonia
diploid
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diploid / haploid? spermatozoa
haploid
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diploid / haploid? primary spermatocytes
diploid
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diploid / haploid? spermatids
haploid
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When spermatid is modified as it transforms to spermatozoa, what happens to cytoplasm?
lost
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When spermatid is modified as it transforms to spermatozoa, what happens to haploid nuclei
condenses to head
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When spermatid is modified as it transforms to spermatozoa, what is formed and added to power the tail
midpiece, mitochondria
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provides locomotion for the sperm
whip-like flagella tail
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enzyme that allows sperm to penetrate
follicular cells around the egg
hyaluronidase
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Sperm head of nearly all metazoans contain an
acrosome
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Initially diploid and increase in number by mitosis
oogonia
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is the production of gametes in the ovaries.
oogenesis
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oogonia stop dividing and then increase in size to form?
primary oocytes
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Before first meiosis, parental chromosomes meet in pairs forming
homologues
primary oocytes
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Primary oocytes undergoes first meiotic division producing
secondary oocytes, polar bodies (nonfunctional cells)
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diploid / haploid? ootid
haploid
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Each primary oocyte only forms
one ovum
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Develops into a functional haploid ovum
ootid
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secondary oocytes undergoes second meiotic division producing
one large ootid and a
second polar body
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diploid / haploid? secondary oocytes
haploid
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diploid / haploid? oogonia
diploid
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diploid / haploid? primary oocytes
diploid
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Development is arrested in in what phase of meiosis as in the primary oocyte phase
prophase I
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meiosis resumes when?
ovulation or after fertilization
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what develops during each menstrual cycle
secondary oocytes
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Meiosis II completed after fertilization when
sperm penetrates the ovum
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Egg maturation in animals involves the deposition of
yolk
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Accumulation of ________ and ________ cause eggs to grow massively beyond normal cell size.
yolk granules and nutrients
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Lay eggs outside the body, –some animals abandon eggs; others provide extensive care
oviparous animals
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type of fertilization in oviparous
internal or external
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Retain eggs in their body and essentially all nourishment derived from the yolk
Ovoviviparous animals
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type of fertilization in ovoviviparous
internal
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Give birth to young in a more advanced stage of development
viviparous animals
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in viviparous animals where does embryos continuously derive nourishment from
mother
85
type of fertilization in viviparous
internal
86
Primary organ of reproductive system and what it produces
gonads - sperm cells, egg cells, and sex hormones
86
What includes in the accessory organs
Gonoducts, storage organs, transfer systems, yolk glands, and
placenta
87
this type of organ assist gonads in formation and delivery of gametes and may support embryos
accessory organ
88
Components of sexual systems
primary organs and acessory organs
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Sperm from the _____ pass through ____ and is stored in _________ until ___________
testes, sperm ducts, seminal vesicles, ejaculation via penis
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Ovaries form from ____; release __________ through ________
egg tubes, mature ova, oviducts
90
Ova stay in ________ connected to _____ until release by __________
genital chamber, genital bursa, ovipositor
91
Invertebrates with external fertilization
has gametes arise from cells that proliferate along _________
body cavity linings
91
have no permanent organs but can release mature gametes through different coelomic openings, nephridial
ducts, and various body wall ruptures
polychaete annelids
92
reproductive and excretory systems form the
urogenital system
93
In male fishes and amphibians the ____________ drains the kidney and transports sperm
opisthonephric duct
94
In male reptiles, birds, and mammals the kidney develops its own independent duct
ureter
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is a common chamber for all intestinal, reproductive, and excretory product
cloaca
96
Sperm develop within the
seminiferous tubules
96
in females, the _____ is an independent duct
oviduct
96
between lobules of testis secrete
testosterone
leydig cells
97
nourish the developing sperm
sustentacular cells (sertoli cells)
98
Testes are located in a _________
saclike scrotum
99
____ temperature of scrotum vital to normal sperm production
lower
100
pathway of sperm
Seminiferous tubules, vasa efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, urtehra
101
Small tubes connected to the epididymis
vas efferentia
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coiled region where sperm maturation occurs
epididymis
102
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra also known as ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
102
Can carry urine and sperm through the penis
urethra
103
the male copulatory organ
penis
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Secrete a thick fluid containing nutrients for sperm
seminal vesicles
105
Some mammals have a bony structure called __________ to help with
rigidity and sperm transfer
baculum
105
add secretions to male duct system to
form seminal fluid
accessory sex glands
106
Secretes a milky, slightly alkaline solution that counters acidity of vagina
prostate gland
106
Secretions provide lubrication and remove traces of urine from urethra
bulbourethral gland
107
what does ovaries produce?
ova
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Mature ova from ovaries enter funnel-like
fallopian tube
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female sex hormones—
estrogen and progesterone
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Terminal portion of oviduct expands into a
muscular uterus
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__________ enlarges and ruptures through the _______ to release ________
mature follicles, wall of ovary, secondary oocytes
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Walls of uterus establish close vascular association with embryonic
membranes through a ____
placenta
110
Average of _______ per year with each ovary alternating the release
of eggs
13 oocytes
110
Ovum then released into the
pelvic cavity
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oviducts is lined with?
cilia
111
Propel the ovum away from the ovary and into the uterus
oviduct
112
Site of implantation
uterus
112
Specialized lining with highly vascular tissues of the uterus
endometrium
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Thick smooth muscle layer of the uterus
myometrium
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Muscular tube that receives the penis and serves as birth canal
vagina
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Region of the uterus that extends and connects into the vagina
cervix
115
External female genitalia
vulva
116
enclose urethral and vaginal openings
Labia majora and labia minora
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is a small erectile organ and homologous to the penis of males
clitoris
118
regulates release of anterior pituitary gland hormones
Hypothalamus region of the forebrain
118
Vertebrate reproduction is usually a
seasonal or cyclic activity
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Cyclic reproductive patterns of female mammals
estrous cycle and menstrual cycle
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anterior pituitary gland hormones
stimulate the following
gonadal tissues, accessory sex organs, and secondary sexual characteristics
120
Females receptive to males only during brief periods of “in heat”
estrous cycle
121
—characteristic only of anthropoid primates like monkeys, apes, and humans
menstrual cycle
122
Females are receptive to males throughout the cycle with increased
receptivity during ____
ovulation
122
At the end of the menstrual cycle, the outer layer of __________ breaks down and is discharged into _____
endometrium, menstruation
123
True or false? estrous cycle has menstruation
false
124
Development of female accessory sex structures:
oviducts, uterus, and
vagina
124
Both function to prepare uterus for developing embryo
estrogen and progesterone.
125
Estrogen and Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Skin or feather coloration
– Bone development
– Body size
– Initial development of mammary glands
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2 Anterior pituitary gonadotropins:
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Hypothalamus secretes ________ which governs release of FSH and LH
gonadotropin releasing hormone
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Environmental factors like______,____ and _____ that may affect reproductive cycles
light, nutrition, and stress
127
Estrogens and progesterone provide feedback to
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
128
In male vertebrates the testes produce
testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
129
Secondary sex characteristics in male
* Male plumage and pelage coloration
* Bone and muscle growth
* Antlers in deer and other mammals
* Thickening of the vocal cords and deepening of voice in humans
* Male sexual behavior
129
Male Sertoli cells and female ovaries secrete a protein called
inhibin
129
Testosterone and DHT feed back to the
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
130
Regulates FSH secretion by negative feedback
inhibin
130
zygote divides by _____ to form a ______
mitosis, blastocyst
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In birds and some mammals ____ may be discovered
gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH)
130
Forms a zygote and travels to uterus
fertilization
131
Implantation in about
6 days
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Blastocyst reaches uterus and embeds in the
endometrium
133
Implanted embryo now has many layers:
trophoblast, amnion, embryo cell mass, chorion
134
Surrounding cell layer that produced enzymes to allow for implantation
Trophoblast cells
134
Cells forming a sac that is used for protection
amnion
135
Actively dividing cells of the zygote
embryo cell mass
135
Becomes placenta (partly)
chorion
136
During pregnancy, elevated ____ and ________ depress inhibitory signal and this appears in the blood
progesterone and estrogen
136
Two hormones needed for mammary glands to secrete milk
Prolactin and human placental lactogen
137
PRL also secreted by ______ during pregnancy
placenta
138
what produces prolactin
anterior pituitary
138
other term of Human placental lactogen
human choronic somatomammotropin
139
aids PRL in preparing the mammary glands for secretion
human placental lactogen
140
HPLt ogether with_________, stimulates increase in nutrients in the mother to provide for embryo
maternal growth hormone
140
The placenta also secretes ______ and ______
b-endorphin and endogenous opioids
141
The placenta also synthesizes the peptide hormone
relaxin
141
Dilates the _____ in preparation for delivery
cervix
141
Allows expansion of pelvis by increasing the flexibility of
pubic symphysis
142
Three Stages of Childbirth
dilation, expulsion, placental delivery
142
Baby is forced out of the _______ and through the _________
uterus, vaginal birth canal
143
In the first stage ____ enlarges and ____ruptures due to pressure from baby
cervix, amniotic sac
144
_________is normally expelled within __ minutes after baby was born
placenta, 10
145
other term for birth
parturition
