Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
What are the male and female primary sex characteristics
A
penis and vagina
2
Q
What are the female and male gonads
A
Ovaries and testes
3
Q
What are gametes
A
sperm and egg
4
Q
What is fertilization
A
union of gametes
5
Q
What is a zygote
A
The intial stages of fetal devlopment
6
Q
What are the male secondary sex charchteristics
A
- pubic hair
- heavier skull and bone structure
- body/facial hair
- enlargened larynx ( adams apple)
- increased stature
7
Q
What are the female secondary sex characteristics
A
- Enlargement of breasts
- widening of hips
- begining of menstrual cycle
- body hair
8
Q
What do the gonads do
A
produce gametes
9
Q
What does the vas deferens do
A
carries sperms form the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
10
Q
what do the seminal vesicles do
A
secretes a fructos solution which noursihes sperm as well as a prostagladin hormone which stimulates uterine contractions in the female reproductive tract
11
Q
what does the prostate do
A
produces an alkaline buffer which protects sperm in the vagina
12
Q
what does the epididymis do
A
stores and matures sperm - this is where mature sperm can be found
13
Q
What does the urthera do
A
It transport sperm and urine outside the body
14
Q
What does the scrotum do
A
its the sac around the testes
15
Q
what does the cowpers gland do
A
It makes a mucous fluid which cleans out urine from the urthera
16
Q
What does the ejaculatory duct do
A
ejects sperm into urethera
17
Q
what do the seminerferous tubules do
A
Theyre the site of spermatogensis
18
Q
What is spermatogensis
A
Procces by which sperm is produced
19
Q
What are sertoli cells
A
They are in the semineferous tubules and are stimulated by FSH, they help nourish devolping sperm and also help act as a barrier between sperm and blood
20
Q
What are interstiatal cells
A
They are in the tisue space of seminferous tubules, they produce testrosterone, stimulated by LH
21
Q
What is acrosome enzyme and what doe sit do
A
It is the enzyme at the head of the sperm which allows it to move through the outer gelatanious layer of an ova
22
Q
What is the midpeice of a sperm for
A
It contains all the mitochondria which provide the sperm energy for movement
23
Q
What is a flagella
A
It is the sperms tail which helps it propel
24
Q
In what order do sperm mature
A
Spermatogonia - spermocyte - spermatid - immature sperm - mature sperm
25
WHat are the ovaries
secrete hormones and protect all the follicles, release egg during ovulation
26
What are the fallopian tubes
They connect the uterus to the ovaries
this is where fertilization happens and eggs pass through to the uterus
27
WHat is the uterus
a halllow muscular organ where a fertilized egg attaches itself to its linign, ENDOMETRIUM, during implantation
28
What is the cervix
Cylinder shaped neck of tissue that connects the uterus to the vagina
29
WHat is the vagina
Connects the uterus to the outside of the body
30
What can be done for the sterilization of females
You can cut tie or block the fallopian tubes
31
What can be dont for the sterilization of males
cut tie or block the vas deferens
32
WHat parts of the male reproductive system contribute to the prodcution of sperm and how
Testes - sperm
Seminal Vesicles - produce a fructose solution which nourishes sperm as well as a prostglandin hormone which stimulates contractions in the female reproductive tract
Prostate - secretes an alkaline buffer which protects sperm in the vagina
Cowpers Gland - secretes a muscous fluid prior to ejaculation to clean urine from the urethra
33
WHat does GnRh do
stimulates the release of LH and FSH in the pituitary
34
What are spermatogonia
sperm producing cells
35
What are somatic cells and how are the produces
Body cells and they are produces by mitosis
36
Through what proccess are gametes produced
meiosis
37
What happens in the semineferous tubules
Where spermatogonia divide and form immature sperm which go on into the epididymis to mature
38
WHat is the endometrium
The inner linign fo the uterus where implantation occurs, it shed during the menestrual cycle
39
What does each follicle stored in the ovaries contain
An immature egg and supporting cells
40
what are oocytes
immature eggs (ova) in the ovaries
41
what are the fibrium (fibria)
The finger like projections of the end of the fallopian tubes that do the sweeping motion which bring the egg into the tube
42
what is oogenesis
Formation of an ova
43
Where does fertilization occur?
IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
44
Describe oogenesis
happens in the ovaries
'follicle, which contains two types of cells, primary oocyte and granulosa. granulose is the layer of cells which form the follicle wall, it provides nutrients ffor the devolping oocyte. the nutrient follicle surrounding the oocyte will begin to divide. Then the primary oocyte goes through its first round of meisosis and forms a secondary oocyte and a polar body. As the follicle cells continue to divdie and multiply, eventually a fluid filled sac forms and the secondaryoocyte bursts out of the ovary and goes into the fallopian tube. The remaining folliclular cells form the corpus luteum. The oocyte is swept along the fallopian tube by cilia and if healthy sperm are present it will fertilize, then go through its second round of meiosis. If it does not fertilize within 24 hours it will die and menestration occurs
45
What days of the menstrual cycle does the flow phase occur
1-5
46
What days of the menstrual cycle does the follicular phase occur
6-13
47
what days of the mestrual cycle does ovulation occur
Day 14
48
What days of the menstual cycle does the luteal phase occur
15- 28
49
What does estrogen do
- thickens the endometrium lining
- stimulates the devolpment of secondary sex charteristics
- excreted by the ovaries and targets most cells
50
Progesterone
Inhibits uterine contractions
firms the cervix
- inhibbits ovulation by sending a negaative feed back to LH
- excreeted from the ovary targets mosts cells
51
What does FSH do in females
It stimulates the devolpment of the follicle
52
What does LH do in females
- stimulates ovulation
- maintains the corpus luteum
53
What happens during the flow phase
The endometirum lining sheds
54
What happens during the follicular phase
FSH stimulates the devolpment of the follicle whihc secretes estrogen and devolps the endometrium lining
55
What happens on the ovulatory phase
LH stimulates the bursting of the secondary oocyte from the ovary and the remaining follicular cells then become the corpus luteum - estrogen then drops
56
What happens during the luteal phase
The corpus lutuem releses progesterone and estrogen, progesterone inhibbits uterine contracts and estrogen further devolps the endometrium lining and prepares for implantation, if implantation doesnt occur, progesterone and estogen will drop and menestration will occur restarting the cycle.
57
What does estrogen do around day 10 - 12
It switchefs to positive feedback for LH and FSH
58
What are germ cells
speacilized cells that give rise to sperm and egg
59
When does the fetus devolp its gonads if its a male
at week 10
60
What happens to a fertilized egg
It becomes a zygote immediately after the sperm and egg come together, this zygote now is diploid and has 46 chromosomes, through mitosis, becomes a blastocyst which then implants itself into the endometrium 6 days after fertilization. After implantation it undergoes gastrulation, bbecomes a gastrrula then an embryo and eventually at 8 weeks, a fetus
61
What is trophoblasts
The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst
62
What is gastrulation?
Formation of a three layered gastrula from a hollow ball blastocyst
63
What are the layers of the gastrula called and what are there names
Ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm
64
What is the choroin layer
The outermost layer of cells
produces HCG hormone which maintains the corpus luteum for the first three months of pregnancy until the placenta is formed - this is necessary as it keeps estorogen and progesterone high to prevent negeative feedack where when they drop it triggers menestration
65
What is the Amnion layer
Devolped inside the choroin layer
becomes a fluid filled sac which insulates and protects the devolping emryo - fluid called amniontic fluid - this is the water when water breaks
66
What is the Allantois
gives rise to the umbillical cord
67
What is the yolk sac
The original sourc eof fetal blood cells and the lining of the digestive tract
68
What does the Ectoderm become
skin
hair
fingernails
sweat glands
teeth
nervous system
brain
lens
retina
cornea
inside lining of the mouth
inner ear
cochlea
semilunar canals
69
What does the Mesoderm become
Muscles
blood vessels and blood
kidneys
reproductive structures
connective tissue
cartilage
bone
70
WHat does the Endoderm become
liver
pancreas
thyroid
parathyroid
urinary ladder
lining of the digestive system
lining of the respitory system
71
When does the placenta devolp
At the end of the first trimester, 3 months
72
WHat does the placenta act as
lungs - gas exchange from mother to fetus and fetus to mother
kidneys - waste exchange fetus to mother
small intestine - nutreint exchange from mother to fetus
73
When fully formed the placenta will produce what two hormons?
Progesterone and estrogen
74
Descrie the events during labour
Uterine contractions start, amniotic fluid releases - progestrone drops - oxytocin increases
relaxation of pelvic ligaments allowing the cervix to widen - relaxin goes up
strong uterine contractions move fetus through cervix to birth canal - postivie feedack oxytocin
fetus is born and now a baby
75
Where is relaxin produced
placenta
76
What helps intiate laours
prostaglandins
77
WHat happens to the babys head in the 3rd trimenster
head goes into a downward position
78
What happens when water breaks
baby moves into the birth canal
79
What happens after the baby moves into the birth canal
Internal rotation then external rotaion
80
What is a teratogen?
an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo.
81
Are sporophytes haploid or diploid
diploid
82
Are spores haploid or diploid
haploid
83
Are gameotophytes haploid or diploid
haploid
84
Descrie the life cycle of a lodgepole pine
Sporophytes - mature trees - undergo meiosis and porduce spores - haploid - these spores then undergo mitosis and become gametophytes, these produce haploi gametes through mitosis which undergo fertilization with another gamete, they become a diploid which undergoes mitosis and becomes another sporophyte.
85
How does Birth Control work
Birth control pills contain progesterone which will send a negative feedback message to the pituitary to not secrete LH, becayse theres no LH ovulation will not be triggered, so the egg wont bbe ale to fertilize so you wont get pregnant
86
What is invitro fertilization? (IVF)
they stimulate egg production by FSH hormone therapy and retreive them from the ovary, then they take a sperm sample, combine them to allow fertilization and introduce the ffertilized egg into the fetus and hope it will implant
87
What is embryo trasnfer
A women with a defective uterus may ask anothe women to carry her child
88
Cytoplasmic trnasfer
Cytoplasm from the ova of a healthier women is trnasfered to the of wek cytoplasm to increase egg quality
89
Egg donation/ egg/ embryo freezing
Freesing eggs and embryos to use later
90
fertility drugs
stimulate more pituitary action, which may cause the growth of multiple eggs
91
IUI interauterine insemination
sperm cells trasnfered into a womens uterus
92
Gamete intrefallopian trasnfer
sperm and egg are instered into the fallopian tube increasing the chances of succesful fertilizati9on
93
What iss nondisjunction
When two homologus chromones or sister chromatids move to the same side during anaphase - results in missing or extra chromosomes
94
What is down syndrome
Trisomic autosomal disorder where there is an extra 21st chromosome
95
What is turners syndrome
Monosomic disorder, only 1 sex chromosome, the X
96
What is Klinfelters syndrome
Trisomic - extra X chromosme when theres aalready an X and Y
97
What is Edwards syndrome
Trisomic- extra 18th chromosome
98
What is Patau syndrom
trisomic - extra 13th chromosome
99
What is interphase
