Reproductive Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
define GENITALIA
A
reproductive organs & associated structures
2
Q
define PERINEUM
A
external surface between pubic symphysis & coccyx
3
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define SCROTUM
A
surround, protect, & support testicles suspended from pubic arch
4
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describe TESTICLES
A
2 small, egg-shaped glands developed within abdomen & descend into scrotum before/after birth
5
Q
aka: testicles
A
testes
6
Q
define SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
A
where sperm is made
7
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define EPIDIDYMIS
A
coiled tube @ upper part of each testes that narrows to form vas deferens
8
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describe SPERMATIC CORD
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extends up from epididymis & attach to each testes; houses vas deferens, blood & lymphatic vessels, & nerves
9
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define SPERMATOZOA
A
male gametes @ ideal temp of 92.3 F
10
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aka: spermatozoa
A
sperm
11
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define SEMEN
A
whitish fluid w/sperm
12
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describe SPERMATOGENESIS
A
process of sperm formation; form in tubules then motile & stored in epididymis before traveling up & entering vas deferns; prostate & seminal vesicles add secretions to create semen
13
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define PENIS
A
3 columns of erectile tissue that fills w/blood under high pressure
14
Q
aka: glans penis
A
head of penis
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aka: foreskin
A
prepuce
16
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describe FORESKIN
A
retractable double-layered skin fold & mucous membrane that covers & protects glans penis
17
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define VAS DEFERENS
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long & narrow continuations of epidiymis & goes up to join urethra
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aka: vas deferens
A
ductus deferens
19
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describe SEMINAL VESICLES
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glands secrete thick, yellow substance that nourishes sperm & makes up 60% semen; @ base of bladder into vas deferns
20
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define EJACULATORY DUCT
A
begins @ vas deferns & passes thru prostate gland & empties into urethra
21
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describe PROSTATE GLAND
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under bladder & where vas deferens enter urethra & secrete thick, alkaline fluid into semen for motility
22
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describe BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
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2 below prostate on each side of urethra 7 open into it & secrete pre-ejaculate/precum to flush out urine/foreign matter & can contain sperm
23
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define MONS PUBIS
A
rounded, fleshy prominence over pubic symphysis anterior to external female genitalia
24
Q
list the parts of the vulva
A
labia, clitoris, bartholin’s glands, & vaginal orifice
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aka: vulva
pudendum
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define LABIA MAJORA & LABIA MINORA
lips protecting other external genitalia & urethral meatus
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define CLITORIS
sensitive erectile tissue anterior to urethral meatus & vaginal orifice
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define BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS
2 small glands on either side of vaginal orifice that make mucus secretion to lube vagina
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define VAGINAL ORIFICE
exterior opening of vagina
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define HYMEN
thin mucous membrane that partially covers vaginal orifice
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describe BREASTS
made of fat, connective tissue, & mammary glands
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purpose of mammary glands
make milk
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aka: mammary glands
lactiferous glands
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define LACTIFEROUS DUCTS
carry milk from gland to nipple
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aka: lactiferous ducts
milk ducts
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define AREOLA
dark pigmented area around nipple
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define OVARIES
pair & small almond shaped glands lower abdomen on either side of uterus
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describe FOLLICLE
fluid-filled sac containing 1 ovum; thousands exist inside ovaries
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define OVA
female gametes
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aka: ova
eggs
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define FALLOPIAN TUBES
upper end of uterus to near ovary (not attached)
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aka: fallopian tubes
uterine tubes
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define INFUNDIBULUM
funnel-shaped opening into fallopian tube near ovary
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define FIMBRIAE
fringed, finger-like extensions of opening that catch mature ovum leaving ovary
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define UTERUS
pear shaped organ between bladder & rectum normally anteflexed (bent forward)
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describe FUNDUS
bulging, rounded part of uterus above entrance of fallopian tubes that rise during pregnancy; height relating to pubic bone = baby growth
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define CORPUS
middle part of uterus
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aka: corpus
body of uterus
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define CERVIX
lower, narrow part of uterus extending into vagina
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aka: cervix
cervix uteri
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define PERIMETRIUM
tough, membraneous outer layer of uterus
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define MYOMETRIUM
muscular middle layer of uterus
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define ENDOMETRIUM
inner layer of uterus of specialized epithelial mucosa & blood vessels
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define VAGINA
muscular tube lined w/mucosa & extend from cervix to outside body
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aka: menstruation
menses
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describe MENSTRUATION
discharge of endometrial lining & unfertilized eggs; avg cycle being 28 days & 4 phases
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4 phases of menstruation
- menstrual (lining sloughs off & discharge)
- postmenstrual (secrete FSH to mature ovum & estrogen prep lining)
- ovulatory
- premenstrual (hormones break down lining)
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describe MENARCHE
beginning of menstruation; ~ 12 1/2 yrs
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describe MENOPAUSE
normal termination of menstruation @ avg age of 51 yrs; = 1 year w/o period
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describe PERIMENOPAUSE
transition between regular periods to none that last as long as decade w/irregular cycles, hot flashes, mood swings, & disturbed sleep
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describe OVULATION
release of mature egg from follicle 13th/14th day of cycle & takes ~ 5 days
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describe CORPUS LUTEUM
enlarged ruptured follicle taken on by a yellow, fatty substance; secretes progesterone, maintains growth of lining; if no fertilization it will die, if fertilized it will secrete hormones to maintain pregnancy
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define ZYGOTE
fertilized cell in fallopian tube from conception to implantation
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define EMBRYO
fertilized cell from implantation to 8th week
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define FETUS
9th week to birth
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define FRATERNAL TWINS
separate ova & separate sperm
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define IDENTICAL TWINS
ova splits
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define CHORION
thin outer membrane enclosing embryo that contributes to placenta formation
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define PLACENTA
organ exchanges nutrients, O2, & waste w/o blood mixing & makes hormones
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define AMNIOTIC SAC
innermost membrane surrounding embryo
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aka: amniotic sac
amnion or bag of waters
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define AMNIOTIC CAVITY
fluid filled sac between embryo & amniotic sac
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define AMNIOTIC CAVITY
fluid filled sac between embryo & amniotic sac surrounding embryo
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define AMNIOTIC FLUID
liquid protecting fetus giving fetus the floating movement
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define UMBILICAL CORD
carries blood, O2, & nutrients from placenta to baby & transports fetal waste to mom's excretory system
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define GESTATION
~ 280 days or 40 weeks, each trimester being ~ 13 wks
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define QUICKENING
first fetal movement felt by mom @ 16-20th week
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define BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTIONSBraxton hicks contractions
intermittent, painless contractions that are infrequent, irregular, & high in frequency
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define VIABILITY
ability to live outside uterus depending on developmental age, weight, & lung development
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define ANTEPARTUM
final stage of pregnancy before labor
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3 stages of labor & delivery
dilation, delivery, & afterbirth
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describe DIALTION
1st & longest stage of labor; contractions 30-70 sec every 5-10 minutes & gradual dilation & effacement & rupture of amniotic sac
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define EFFACEMENT
process cervix softens, shortens, & thins
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aka: delivery
active labor
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describe PUERPERIUM
afterbirth to 6 wks post partum; most bodily changes resolve & organs return to nonpregnant state
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define IOCHIA
postpartum discharge (blood & mucus) for 4-6 wks postpartum
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define UTERINE INVOLUTION
uterus returns to normal state & condition after birth
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define COLOSTRUM
specialized breast milk w/antibodies made late pregnancy & few days after birth
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define LACTATION
process of forming & secreting milk, replacing colostrum
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define NEONATE
infant from birth to 4 wks
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describe VERNIX
greasy substance protecting fetus in utero made of sebum & discarded epidermal cells
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define MECONIUM
greenish material in fetus intestines that makes first feces
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define PERINATAL
time & events just before, during, & just after birth
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define NEONATALOGY
study of disorders of newborns
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define VIRILE
having nature/properties/qualities of adult male
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define PREMATURE BIRTH
before 37th week
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define ANDROLOGIST
treat conditions regarding male fertility & sexuality
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advanced maternal age is what
at least 35 yrs
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define NULLIPARA
never borne viable child
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define PRIMIGRAVIDA
during 1st pregnancy
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define PRIMIPARA
borne 1 viable child
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define MULTIPAROUS
born at least 2 kids
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describe APGAR SCORES
1-10 evaluate physical status 1 & 5 min after birth with values being 0,1, or 2 in 5 criteria (heart rate, respiratory, muscle tone, reflexes, & skin tone); a score 8-10 = best possible conditions
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describe FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)
teratogen leads to growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, & socialization difficulty
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define SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
unexplainable, sudden death between 1 month-1yr of age
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describe BALANITIS
inflammation of glans penis associated w/phimosis bc of poor hygiene & lack of circumcision
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s/s: balantitis
redness, pain, unusual penile discharge
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describe PHIMOSIS
narrowing of foreskin opening where foreskin can't retract to expose glans penis; seen @ birth/childhood
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define ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
can't achieve or maintain erection
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aka: erectile dysfunction
impotence
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describe PEYRONIE'S DISEASE
form of sexual dysfunction where penis is bent/curved during erection bc of fibrous scar tissue inside penis
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aka: peyronie's disease
penile curvature
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describe PRIAPISM
painful & persistent erection lasting at least 4 hrs not caused by sexual excitement that doesn't go away after sex bc of meds/blood related diseases
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define PREMATURE EJACULATION
climax before/shortly after penetration
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define ANDROPAUSE
male menopause where there is a decrease in testosterone beginning in 40s
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s/s: andropause
low energy, depression, decreased muscle mass, & difficulty sleeping/concentrating
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describe CRYPTORCHIDISM
defect in newborns where one/both testicles fail to descend & if untreated can increase risk for infertility & testicular cancer
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aka: cryptorchidism
undescended testicle
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describe EPIDIDYMITIS
painful inflammation of epididymis from bacterial infection (from STD/UTI) w/dysuria, unusual penile discharge, testalgia, hematuria, & inflamed scrotum
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define HYDROCELE
fluid-filled sac in scrotum along spermatic cord in newborns & premature infants that disappear w/o treatment
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define TESTICULAR CANCER
most common in 15-35 yrs & highly treatable @ all stages
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describe TESTICULAR TORSION
sharp pain in scrotum bc of cut off blood supply from the twisting of vas deferens & blood vessels; sudden & needs surgery
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define ORCHITIS
inflammation of 1/both testicles w/pain or swelling
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aka: orchitis
testitis
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describe VAROCELE
varicose vein in spermatic cord leading to lump of 1 side of scrotum, low sperm production, & infertility
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define AZOOSPERMIA
absence of sperm in semen leading to infertility
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describe OLIGOSPERMIA
sperm count < 15 million/mL which can lead to infertility
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aka: oligospermia
low sperm count
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describe HEMATOSPERMIA
blood in semen from infection of seminal vesicles/prostatitis/urethritis/urethral strictures
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aka: sexually transmitted diseases
sexually transmitted infections or venereal diseases
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describe CHLAMYDIA
most common STD & highly contagious from bacteria; s/s: asymptomatic, genital pain, discharge; can damage reproductive organs in women & cause urethritis in men
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describe BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
condition that is not an STD w/discharge, odor, pain, itching, & burning; risk for this is increased by having multiple sex partners; increases infection risk to HIV
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describe GENITAL HERPES/HERPES GENITALIS
infection of skin & mucosa of genitals from herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2; highly contagious even w/o lesions & no cure; s/s: itching, burning, small fluid filled blisters & ulcers on genitals & rectum
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describe GENITAL WARTS
highly contagious STD from HPV & can increase risk for cervical cancer
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describe GONORRHEA
highly contagious STD bacterial infection of genital tract that can spread throughout body (mouth, throat, rectum, joints, etc); s/s: dysuria & pyorrhea
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describe HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
bloodborne virus interferes w/immune & transmitted thru infected bodily fluids; can deveelop into AIDS
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if someone has AIDS, they are totally unable to do what
fight infection
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describe SYPHILIS
chronic bacterial infection affecting any organ transmitted via direct contact w/chancre; s/s similar to other STDs; highly curable when caught early; 4 stages
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describe VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY (VDRL) BLOOD TEST
old but commonly used blood test to screen for syphilis; replaced by RPR
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describe the 4 stages of syphilis
1. Primary (sores begin to appear & heal w/o treatment)
2. Secondary (sores on mucous membranes in mouth/anus, rash, fever, hair loss, etc)
3. Latent (asymptomatic)
4. Late (blindness, neurological disorders, paralysis, death)
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describe TRICHOMONIASIS
STD infection from parasite; s/s WOMEN: painful urination, genital itching, thin foul smelling discharge; s/s MEN: gen asymptomatic, painful urination & clear discharge
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aka: trichomoniasis
trich
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in what circumstance is hepatitis B considered an STI
if transmited via sex
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define PUBIC LICE
lice on/around genitals
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describe HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)
most common STI w/40 different types; viral infection leading to genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer, & cervical cancer
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describe ANOVOULATION
absence of ovulation when expected bc of stress, poor nutrition, obesity, or hormonal imbalance
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define DERMOID CYST
benign tumor w/various tissues present @ birth on face, inside skull, low back, or ovaries
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aka: dermoid cyst
teratoma
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define OVARIAN CANCER
asymptomatic cancer that is difficult to detect
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describe PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
any inflammation of female reproductive organs w/o pregnancy or surgery gen from STD or infection & can lead to infertility & ectopic pregnancy
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describe POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
common condition of imbalance of hormones causing numerous tiny cysts in ovaries; s/s: irregular cycles, hirsutism, acne, increase insulin & androgen
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describe PYOSALPINX
accumulation of pus in fallopian tube often from PID
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describe SALPINGITIS
inflammation of fallopian tube from bacterial infection
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describe ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
beginning in uterine lining & can metastasize; s/s: vaginal bleeding after menopause, bleedin etween periods, pelvic pain
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Describe UTERINE FIBROIDS/FIBROID TUMORS
benign tumors of muscle & fibrous tissue in wall of uterus not associated w/increase cancer risk; s/s: heavy menstrual bleeding & pelvic/back pain
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aka: uterine fibroids/fibroid tumors
myomas
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Define UTERINE PROLAPSE
weak pelvic muscles cause uterus to sag into vagina
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aka: uterine prolapse
pelvic floor hernia
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Define CERVICAL CANCER
slow growing squamous cell cancer caused by HPV; 2nd most common in women
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Define CERVICAL DYSPLASIA
presence of precancerous/abnormal changes in cells seen in inner lining/surface of cervix from HPV
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Describe CERVICAL INSUFFICIENCY
weakened tissue in cervix that can cause miscarriage/premature birth
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aka: cervical insufficiency
incompetent cervix
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Describe CERVICITIS
inflammation of cervix from infection, irritation, or allergies
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Define DYSPAREUNIA
pain during sex
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Describe LEUKORRHEA
whitish mucus discharge that describe change & increase bc of infection/hormonal imbalance
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Describe VAGINAL ATROPHY
thinning, drying, & inflammation of vaginal walls from hormonal changes; occurs in ~ 1/2 postmenopausal women treated w/vaginal moisturizers, lube, estrogen
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Define CANDIDIASIS
infection of skin/mucous membrane from species of Candida (yeast)
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aka: vaginal atrophy
genitourinary syndrome of menopause
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Describe VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
common condition from yeast-like fungus; s/s: brning, itching, & cottage-cheese discharge
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aka: vaginal candidiasis
yeast infection
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Define VAGINISMUS
pelvic floor spasm which closes vagina leading to dyspareunia & difficulty inserting tampon/speculum
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Describe VAGINITIS
inflammation of vaginal lining which can be from bacterial vaginosis, trich, vaginal candidiasis, yeast, bacteria, or low estrogen in menopause
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s/s: vaginitis
vaginal irritation, unusual discharge, itching, stinging of vulva
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Describe VULVITIS
inflammation of vulva from fungal/bacterial infections, chafing, skin condition, or allergies
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Define FIBROADENOMA
round, firm, rubbery benign mass in breast from excess growth of excess glandul; grow during pregnancy & shrink postmenopausear & connective tissue; gen 15-3 yrs
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Describe MASTALGIA
pain in breast & can signal non cancerous breast condition
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aka: mastalgia
mastodynia
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Describe FIBROCYSTIC BREAST CHANGES
presence of fibrous tissue & benign cysts common in premenopausal women leading to painful & lumpy breasts
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Describe GALACTORRHEA
breast milk production when not breastfeeding from malfunction of pituitary
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Describe MASTITIS
breast infection from bacteria entering mammary glands
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Describe AMENORRHEA
abnormal absence of periods for less than or equal to 90 days bc of stress, hormonal problems, poor nutrition, & excessive exercise; normal before puberty, pregnancy, breastfeeding, & menopause
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Define DYSMENORRHEA
pain from contraction that is sharp, intermittent, dull, or aching
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aka: menstrual cramps
dysmenorrhea
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Define ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING
abnormal bleeding outside period from fibroids, hormone problems, or other
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aka: abnormal uterine bleeding
dysfunctional urine bleeding
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Describe MENORRHAGIA
excessive menstrual flow > 7 days & can lead to anemia
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Define HYPOMENORRHEA
unusually small amnt of menstrual flow, a shortened regular cycle
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Describe MENOMETRORRHAGIA
irregular/excessive uterine bleeding @ & between regular cycle & can lead to anemia
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aka: menometrorrhagia
intermenstrual bleeding
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Define OLIGOMENORRHEA
irregular/very light menstruation than normal
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aka: oligomenorrhea
infrequent menstruation
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Define POLYMENORRHEA
cycles more frequent than normal
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Describe PREMATURE MENOPAUSE
ovaries stop functioning before 40 from disease, hormonal disorder, or removal; can lead to infertility & menopausal symptoms
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Describe PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS)
s/s 2 wks before cycle; includes bloating, swelling, headaches, mood swings, breast discomfort/tenderness, irritability, emotional tension, anxiety, depression, water retention
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Describe PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER (PMDD)
symptoms regular in second half of cycle & end w/menstruation; associate w/severe emotional & physical issues
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Define ABORTION
loss/terminate pregnancy before viable
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Define MISCARRIAGE
abortion before 20th week caused by genetic disorder/abnormality
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aka: miscarriage
spontaneous abortion
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Define MEDICAL ABORTION
use medications to terminate pregnancy
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aka: medical abortion
therapeutic abortion
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Define SURGICAL ABORTION
any procedure to terminate pregnancy depending on preference, health needs, & trimester
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Define ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
dangerous condition where zygote implants outside uterus gen in fallopian tube
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aka: ectopic pregnancy
extrauterine pregnancy
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Define INFERTILITY
inability to conceive after 1 year of regular uprotected sex
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Describe ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
placenta separates from uterine wall before birth leading to fetal death/damage, excessive blood loss, & long-term complications
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aka: abruptio placentae
placental abruption
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Describe PLACENTA PREVIA
abnormal implantation of placenta in uterus partially/completely covering cervix; s/s: painless, sudden on-set bleeding in 3rd trimester, severe bleeding during birth
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Describe PREECLAMPSIA
toxemia of pregnancy & complication of hypertension & proteinuria; leads to preterm birth; s/s: hypertension, headaches, albuminuria, edema in extremeties
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aka: preeclampsia
pregnancy-induced hypertension
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Describe ECLAMPSIA
seizures & coma bc of hypertension from 20th week pregnant - 1 wk postpartum; caused by uncontrolled preeclampsia
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Describe HELLP SYNDROME
life-threatening condition w/Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, & Low Platelet count that can lead to liver & blood cell damage; in 10-20% women w/severe preeclampsia
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Describe POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
sadness & loss of pleasure in activity postpartum from rapid change in hormone levels; need treatment if severe or last greater than 2 weeks
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Define ANORCHIA
congenital absence of 1/both testicles that can affect sperm production & testosterone secretion
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aka: anorchia
anorchism
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Describe PROSTATITIS
inflammation of prostate; s/s: dysuria, pelvic pain, polyuria
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Describe PROSTATORRHEA
urethra discharge abnormal flow of prostatic fluid
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Define ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
Rh- mom produces antibodies after 1st Rh+ baby which attacks RBCs of 2nd/later Rh+ babies
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aka: erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Describe MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
meconium penetrates amniotic fluid & aspirated leading to respiratory issues/distress in baby & mom can have increased risk of infection/disease
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describe PROLAPSED CORD
umbilical cord prolapse thru cervix into vagina before baby & can compromise O2
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define PROLAPSED UTERUS
downward displacement of uterus causing it to prolapse in/out of vagina
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Define STILLBIRTH
death & delivery of fetus after 20 weeks from many causes
223
Describe TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
severe bacterial infection associated w/prolonged use of superabsorbent tampons; s/s: high fever, headache, confusion, seizures, organ failure
