Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho II > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A

Also known as sexually transmitted diseases or general diseases (STI or VD)
Spread by sexual contact (vaginal, oral, rectal)
More easily transmitted to a woman than a man
Overal increase in STIs though “real numbers not known”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

STIs

A

Increased related to factors such as:

  • Increase in premarital sex
  • Increased divorce rate
  • Increased number of sexual partners for many individuals
  • Lack of preventive measures especially with use of the oral contraceptives
  • Most can be prevented with use of latex condoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

STIs: Concerns related to STIs

A

Immunity against recurrent infections is not achieved
More than one STI may be present in one individual at one time
Frequently STIs are asymptomatic - many carriers
No cure for viral STIs
More drug resistant micro-organisms
Infection from mother to fetus or newborn
Partners not always notified
Condoms not used or used incorrectly for ugh risk activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bacterial

A

Chlamydia
Gonnorhea
Syphillis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chlamydia

A

Most common STI
Caused by a bacteria (Chlamydia trachomatis) that acts like a virus (only reproduces in host cell)
Spread by any sexual contact or to neonate by passage through birth canal
Incubation period 1-3 weeks
Invades the cervix in women
Invades the urethra in men
Can cause conjunctivitis and pneumonia in newborns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chlamydia: S&S

A 
Asymptomatic initially
Dysuria
Urinary frequency
Vaginal discharge/testicular pain
Swollen inguinal lymph nodes
May be present for years without noticeable symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chlamydia: Complications

A 
PID
Infertility/ Sterility
Ectopic pregnancy (goes beyond cervix and invades uterus)
Epididymitis
Prostatitis
Reiter's syndrome (affects vascularity)
Blindness/ pneumonia (newborn)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gonorrhea

A

 Most common reportable communicable disease
Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae gram-negative diplococcus
Incubation period 2 to 8 days
Transmitted by direct sexual contact or
during delivery
Targets female cervix and male
urethra
Without treatment can spread to other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gonorrhea: S&S

A

Females
- Often asymptomatic, may have vaginal discharge, abnormal menses, dysuria
Males
- Dysuria, increased urinary frequency, serous, milky or purulent urethral discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gonorrhea: Complications

A

Men
- Acute painful inflammation of prostate, epididymitis, urethritis, nephritis
Can cause sterility
Females
- PID, sterility, ectopic pregancy, abdominal adhesions, endometritis, salpingitis, and pelvic peritonitis
Newborn
- Infect eyes, nose or anorectal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gonorrhea: Diagnostic tests

A

Smear of urethral discharge in males
Cultures done if Gram stains of smears are negative despite clinical symptoms of gonorrhea
In women, cultures of cervical discharge necessary to confirm diagnosis
Individuals with gonorrhea are often infected with other STIs so they are also tested for syphilis, chlamydia, and HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Syphilis

A

Complex STI can infect almost any body, tissue or rogan
Caused by spirochete (..)
Tranismitted through open lesions during any sexual contact
May also be transmitted through infected blood and body fluids such as saliva
Once in the system, spreads through blood and lymphatic system
Incubation period 20-30 days
Can also be passed to the fetus by placental circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Syphilis: 4 Stages (primary)

A

Primary

  • Presence of painless, chancre (ulcer) at the point of contact about 3 weeks after exposure - heals spontaneously
  • Swollen lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Syphillis: 4 stages (Secondary)

A

Secondary
Symptoms may appear 2 weeks to 6 months after the initial chancre. Symptoms include skin rash (hands, feet, palate), general signs of infection (malaise, fever..)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Syphillis: Stages (Latent - Tertiary)

A

Latent
- This stage can last up to 50 years
- No apparent symptoms and disease is not transmissible by sexual contact but by infected blood
- Unless treated at least 1/3 will progress
Tertiary
- A “gumma” lesion (tumor) in skin, bones and liver
- Diffuse inflammatory response involving the CNS and the cardiovascular system - irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Syphilis: Diagnostic Test

A

VDRL and RPR are positive 4-6 weeks after infection
Tests nonspecific if positive further tests are done
FTA-ABS is specific for T. pallidum used to confirm VDRL and RPR findings
Immunofluorescent staining or dark field microscopy can be used on specimen obtained from a chancre or lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Viral

A

Genital Herpes

Genital Warts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Chronic asymptomatic STI
Caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
HSV-2 closely related to HSV-1, which causes cold sores
HSV-1 can also infect genitalia
Spread by vaginal, anal, or oral genital contact
Incubation period 3-7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Genital Herpes: S&S

A

Within a week develop painful red papules
Small painful blisters form after papules appear
Blisters break, shed virus, and create painful ulcers
First outbreak of herpes lesions called first episode infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Genital Herpes: S&S

A

Subsequent episodes are recurrent and usually less severe
Period between episodes called latency
Still infected even during latency
Prodromal symptoms:
- Burning, itching, tingling, or throbbing at sites where lesions commonly appear
- Sexual contact should be avoided during this time
- General malaise, fever, headache, dysuria, urinary retention, discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Genital Herpes: Complications

A

General
- Cervical cancer
- Neuralgia, encephalitis, urethral strictures, pus forming in lymph nodes
Newborns
- Affect the eye, skin, mucous membranes and CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Genital Herpes: Diagnosis

A

Virus Culture Detection test

Serology (blood) test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Genital Warts (Condyloma Acuminatum)

A

Caused by HPV
Common STI
HPV transmitted by all types of sexual contact
Incubation period about 3-6 months
Different types of HPV can cause chronic genital infections
Most people who carry HPV have no symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Genital Warts: S&S

A

May develop single or multiple cauliflower-like growths

Often painless, genitals or perianal area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Genital Warts
Complications - Some subtypes of HPV are associated with cervical dysplasia and increased risk of cervical cancer - Infants infected can develop papillomatosis chronic respiratory condition Diagnosis - Primarily by clinical appearance or by examination of cervical cells
26
Trichomoniasis
Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, flagellated protozoa (extracellular parasite) Localized infection attaching to the epithelium of the vaginal or urethral mucosa
27
Trichomoniasis: S&S
Copious, yellowish, foul smelling discharge Inflammation and itching of the mucosa Discomfort during sex and when urinating May have occasional lower abd. pain
28
Trichomoniasis
``` Complications: Increased risk of HIV transmission Premature delivery or a low birth weight baby Diagnostics: Visual examination Culture of fluid (vaginal or urethral) ```
29
Pelvic Inflammatory Disorder (PID)
Involves the fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and cervix Cause: - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Chlamydia trachomatis Major cause of female infertility and ectopic pregnancy Potential acute complication is peritonitis and pelvic abscess
30
PID: Pathophysiology
Infectious organism enters the vagina and travels to the uterus during intercourse or sexual activity, childbirth, abortion, reproductive tract surgery (IUD) – Invasion of bacteria into the mucosa – Tubal walls become edematous and the lumen is filled with purulent exudate which cannot drain into the uterus – Exudate drips onto the ovary and surrounding tissues – Spreads to surrounding pelvic organs – Enters lymphatic system and bloodstream, leading to systemic infection
31
PID Manifestations
Fever Purulent vaginal discharge Severe lower abd. pain Dysuria Pain during intercourse during a pelvic exam Peritonitis may result in increasing abdominal distension and rigidity
32
PID Diagnosis
Endocervical secretions WBC Ultrasonography Laparoscopy
33
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)
Vaginal bleeding that is abnormal in amount, duration, or time of occurrence Related to hormonal imbalances or pelvic tumors
34
DUB
Hormone imbalance of progesterone - deficiency - Anovulation: absence of ovulation - Amenorrhea: absence of menstruation - Polymenorrhea: short cycle - Oligomenorrhea: long interval between cycles (>35 days) Other causes of bleeding: cancer, polyps, hyperplasia - Metrorrhagia: bleeding between menstrual periods - Menorrhagia: increased amount and duration of flow - Postmenopausal bleeding
35
Predisposing Factors (DUB)
Stress Extreme weight changes Use of oral contraceptives or IUDs Postmenopausal changes
36
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: Diagnosisq
``` Complete blood count Thyroid function test Hormone levels - Serum estradiol and progesterone levels - Serum hCG and LH levels Pelvic ultrasound Laparoscopy Endometrial Biopsy ```
37
Leiomyoma (Fibroids)
``` Patho: Benign tumor of the myometrium Cause unknown Common in women during reproductive years - shrink following menopause Not considered precancerous ```
38
Fibroids
Classified by location - Intramural: in the uterine wall - Submucosal: beneath endometrium - projecting inward into the uterine cavity - Subserosal: under the serosa - grows outward into the pelvic cavity
39
Fibroids
Occur as multiple well-defined but unencapsulated masses Vary in size Are hormone dependent
40
Fibroids: Manifestations
Asymptomatic until grow large enough to palpate Abnormal bleeding large tumours may cause pressure on adjacent structures - Urinary frequency - Constipation - Heavy sensation abdomen - Infertility
41
Fibroids: Diagnostic test
Laporscopy: identify the fibroid Ultrasound Physical exam
42
Breast Cancer
Incidence increases after age 20 years - Most cases in women between ages 50 and 69 years Most tumours are unilateral Earlier onset associated with more aggressive growth Different types: - Most arise from ductal epithelial cells Metastasis occurs via lymph nodes early in the course of the disease Presence of estrogen or progesterone receptors on tumor cells influences treatment
43
Breast Cancer: Predisposing Factors
First degree relative with the disease Strong genetic predisposition (BRCA1 and BRCA2) Longer and higher exposure to estrogen Nulliparous (someone who's never had a baby) or late first pregnancy Lack of exercise Smoking High-fat diet Radiation therapy to the chest Cancer of the uterus, ovaries, or pancreas
44
Breast Cancer: Manifestations
Change on mammogram Initial sign: single, small, hard, painless nodule Later: distortion of breast tissue, dimpled skin, discharge from nipple Ultrasound or needle biopsy confirms diagnosis
45
Breast Cancer
``` Course of breast cancer Metastasis occurs by the time the tumour is 1-2 cm in diameter Axillary lymph node involvement Secondary tumors in: - Bone - Lung - Brain - Liver ```
46
Cervical Cancer
Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV infection, a sexually transmitted virus Routine pap smears of cervical cells are important in identifying early, treatable stages of the disease: - By age 20 or in the year that sexual intercourse begins - At intervals, as advised by health care worker
47
Cervical Cancer
Course of disease - Early dysplasia of cells; abnormal cells showing less differentiation - In situ tumor is located on the mucosal surface - Invasion to submucosa - Invasion and spread to adjacent organs - Late metastasis
48
Cervical Cancer: Risk factors
Age
49
Uterine Cancer
Most common in postmenopausal women Early indicator is painless vaginal bleeding or spotting Risk factors - Age >50 - High dose estrogen hormone treatment without progesterone - Obesity - DM
50
Ovarian Cancer
No reliable screening available Large mass detected by pelvic examination  Transvaginal ultrasound – Considered a silent tumor -  Few diagnosed in the early stage - Research is ongoing to identify markers for serum diagnosis. – Different types—vary in aggressiveness
51
Ovarian Cancer: Risk Factors
- Obesity - BRCA1 gene - Early menarche - Nulliparous or late first pregnancy - Use of fertility drugs Oral contraceptives containing progesterone are somewhat protective
52
BPH: Pathophysiology
Common in older men (50%>50, 75%>70)  Mild to severe forms | Change is hyperplasia (increase in number of cells of prostate tissue)
53
BPH
Nodules surrounding the urethra Compression of urethra Variable degrees of urinary obstruction Hyperplasia related to imbalance between estrogen and testosterone
54
BPH: Clinical Manifestations
Initial signs – direct results of narrowed urethra Obstruction of urinary flow  Hesitancy Dribbling Decreased force or stream
55
BPH
``` Incomplete bladder emptying leads to Frequency, nocturia Recurrent UTI’s Diagnostic Tests - Rectal exam: enlarged gland  Urine for C&S ```
56
BPH: Complications
``` Continued obstruction leads to - Distended bladder - Dilated ureters - Hydronephrosis - Possible renal damage ```
57
Prostate Cancer
- Most common cancer in men, excluding skin cancer - Second leading cause of cancer death in men - More than 75% of cases develop in men over 65
58
Prostate Cancer: Etiology and pathophysiology
``` Androgen-dependent adenocarcinoma Majority of tumours occur in outer aspect of the gland Usually slow-growing Spreads by three routes – Direct extension – Through lymph system – Through bloodstream ```
59
PRostate Cancer: Etiology and Pathiphysiology
- Age, ethnicity, and family history are non- modifiable risk factors - Incidence rises markedly after age 50 - High-fat diet and exposure to certain chemicals may also be associated with higher cancer risk
60
Prostate Cancer: Manifestations
``` Usually asymptomatic in early stages Eventually may experience symptoms similar to BPH – Dysuria – Hesitancy – Dribbling – Frequency ```
61
Prostate Cancer: Manifestations
``` – Urgency – Hematuria – Nocturia – Retention – Interruption of urinary stream – Inability to urinate – Pain in lumbosacral area that radiates to hips or legs ```
62
Prostate Cancer: Diagnostics
- PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test - Elevated levels of PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase) also indicate prostate cancer - DRE (digital rectal exam) may find the prostate hard and have asymmetric enlargement with areas of induration or nodules
63
Prostate Cancer: Diagnostics
- Bone scan, CT, MRI, and TRUS are used to determine location and extent of spread of cancer - SPECT imaging uses a monoclonal antibody to target prostate-specific membrane antigens - Can detect spread to pelvic lymph nodes
64
Testicular Cancer
- Testicular germ cell carcinoma occurs most often in men between ages of 18 and 34 - Three established risk factors: cryptorchidism, white race, and previous testicular cancer - Other factors: history of orchitis, HIV infection, and in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol
65
Testicular Cancer
- Grows within one testicle - Local spread limited - Can spread rapidly through lymph and blood vessels to other organs with metastasis to lungs, bone, or liver Manifestations: – Painless hard nodule – Occasional dull ache in pelvis or scrotum

Patho II (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions