Reproductive Flashcards
(34 cards)
Essential female organ
Ovaries
Female reproductive organs
Internal
Fallopian tubes Fimbriae Uterus Cervix Vagina Cul-de-sac- extension of peritoneum that dips down behind the uterus and in front of the rectum.
Female reproductive organs
External
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Skenes glands/ducts- secretes mucus on either side of the urethra
Bartholin’s glands- secretes mucus on either side of the vaginal opening
Vestibule- contains everything enclosed in the labia minora
Fourchette- folds of mucous membranes at posterior opening of vagina. Connects posterior labia minora.
Essential male organ
Testes
Male reproductive organs
External
Scrotum- contains testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord
Penis- glans (end of penis), corpus cavernosum, and the corpus spongiosum
Male reproductive organs
Internal
Testes- produces sperm (in the seminiferous tubules) and testosterone
Epididymus- store sperm until mature
Ductus deferens- goes from epididymus into the ejaculatory duct
Spermatic cord- connection from inside to outside of the body. Houses the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
Seminal vesicles- combines with vas deferens to create the ejaculatory duct. Secretes semen fluid
Ejaculatory duct- ejects sperm
Prostate gland- secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidity of vagina
Cower’s gland- secretes alkaline fluid in semen
Urethra- passageway of semen and urine
Important history questions
Mumps or rubella Diabetes Cardiovascular issues Spinal cord injury Thyroid issues Genitourinary problems COPD Birth control pills Liver problems, choleycystitis Use of alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine and other drugs Period history- how long, when start, etc. Pregnancy history Sexual history
What principles facilitate the nurse and client during a sexual history interview?
Self-awareness
Trust
Maintain confidentiality and privacy
Less sensitive to more sensitive areas
Components of male physical exam
Asses: abdomen, external genitalia
Lesions, scars, circumcised or not
Palpation: bladder, testes, inguinal area
Testicular self exam: monthly, scrotum warm, both hands to palpate scrotum, testes and epididymus
Components of female physical exam
Palpation: breast tissue, abdomen, external genetalia, hair distribution
Pelvic exam: done by MD
Male diagnostic studies
PSA: prostate specific antigen
Syphilis studies: nontreponemal are nonspecific test and treponemal tests are syphilis specific antibodies
Cultures: urethral discharge, obtain prior to voiding
Cystoscopy: view bladder with a lighted scope
CT scan/MRI: soft tissue images looking for masses
Ultrasound: transrectal- looking for prostate abnormalities
Semen analysis: for sterility work up
Prostatic smear: massage prostate, collect drainage, make slide, observe
Needle biopsy: transrectal exam for masses, not testicular because of seeding
Transrectal biopsy: done with US and needle biopsy for prostate
Female diagnostic studies
Urine studies: pregnancy, hormones (estrogen and progesterone and HCG
Serum testing hormones: estrogen and progesterone timed with menstrual cycle. Prolactin, and serum HCG
Syphilis: treponemal and nontreponemal
Cultures: wet mount- vaginal discharge or drainage. Vaginal or cervical culture: look to see if anything will grow- yeast gonorrhea or chlamydia
Cytological studies: Pap test- cells from cervix
Radiological studies: mammogram, US to distinguish fluid filled or solid masses
Female operative procedures
Breast biopsy
Colposcopy: visualizing the cervix
Culdoscopy: look at uterus, cervix, and tubes
Conization: cone shaped portion of cervix is removed. Shows how extensive cervical cancer is
Laparoscopy: laparoscopic procedure to look at the organs on the outside
Dilation and curettage: dilate cervix and scrape the endometrial lining. Done for histology in women with abnormal bleeding
Endometrial ablation: removal of overgrown uterine lining. Done for women with DUB without good response to medical management
Female fertility studies
Endometrial biopsy: done for women with postmenstrual bleeding. Done to look for uterine cancer. For fertility, check the growth of endometrial lining at different times in the cycle, and how uterus is responding to hormones
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): looks for blockages in the Fallopian tubes
LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure): done to remove cervical tissue with an electrical current
Female biopsies
Punch biopsy: small tissue samples taken from cervix, done with a colposcopy Endocervical curettage(ECC): scrapping of cells from inside cervical canal.
Psychological aspects
Establish trust
Be nonjudgmental
Self awareness
Make appropriate referrals
Congenital Conditions of the penis
Epispadias: urethra located on the dorsal(top) side of the penis
Hypospadias: urethra located on ventral(bottom) side of the penis
Acquired conditions of the penis
Phimosis: constriction of foreskin (can’t be retracted) due to poor hygiene, edema, inflammation, chronic irritation
Paraqphimosis: edema of retracted foreskin, because of edema we can’t pull the foreskin back over the glans, due to catheter, prolonged retraction
Posthitis: inflammation of foreskin. Teach good hygiene, abx, circumcision if needed
Balanitis: inflammation of the glans penis. Teach good hygiene, abx, circumcision if needed
Cancer of the penis: rare, occurs mostly in uncircumcised men,due to poor hygiene, partial or total penectomy
Penile ulcerations: benign skin lesions, scabies, STDs with lesions, can all cause lesions to form on the penis. Any type of ulceration needs treatment
Priapism: uncontrolled long maintained erection. Occurs with no sexual desire. Urological emergency due to urinary retention. Treatment is Demerol, prostatic massage, or aspiration.
What is a common treatment modality for scrotal abnormalities?
Antibiotics, scrotal elevation, and scrotal support. Pain medications and ice
What are the signs and symptoms of testicular torsion?
Pain that radiates to groin Testicular tenderness Nausea/vomiting Edema Redness No cremasteric reflex
What age group is testicular cancer frequently found?
15-35 year olds
What important patient teaching should me addressed with testicular cancer?
Testicular self exam
What are the causes of erectile dysfunction?
Organic causes: gradual deterioration of function, decrease in firmness, decrease in frequency, htn, dm, antihypertensive meds, smoothing, etoh, prostatectomy, neurological reasons
Functional causes: psychological, stress, emotional, erections can still occur at night
How is erectile dysfunction treated?
Medications: PDE-5 inhibitors relax the smooth muscles in the corpus cavernosum and allow increased blood flow, once erection has occurred, the veins are compressed to maintain the erection
Vacuum constriction device: external device that you pump up, penis enlarges, ring is placed at the base of the penis. This can impair blood flow.
Penile injections/ suppositories: transurethral suppository increases blood flow to the penis, erection comes in 10 minutes, and lasts an hour. Injections are into the corpus cavernosum to increase blood flow.
Penile implants: either semirigid or an internal pump
