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Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the breast?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

Internal mammary chain

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3
Q

What happens to oestrogen, progesterone and prostaglandin levels during menstruation?

A

Decreased oestrogen and progesterone

Increased prostaglandin

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4
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

Stratum basalis

Stratum functionalis

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5
Q

What stimulates a decrease in FSH in the preovulatory phase (days 6-13)?

A

Oestrogen and inhibin secreted by follicles

FSH declines and the follicle with the most FSH receptors becomes the dominant follicle

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6
Q

What is the name of the mature follicle?

A

Graafian

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7
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in stimulating ovulation?

A

Increased GnRH release

Increased LH release

Secreted by growing ovarian follicles

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8
Q

Which hormone surges during ovulation?

A

LH

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9
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone - prepares the endometrium, inhibits GnRH + LH

Oestrogen - prepares the endometrium, inhibits GnRH + LH

Relaxin - inhibits uterine contractions

Inhibin - inhibits FSH release

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10
Q

What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropic hormone following fertilisation?

A

Inhibits degeneration of the corpus luteum

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11
Q

Which vessel supplies oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?

A

Umbilical vein

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12
Q

Which vessel returns deoxygenated blood from the fetal internal iliac arteries to the placenta?

A

Umbilical arteries

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13
Q

What is the name of a mature sperm?

A

Spermatozoa

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14
Q

What is the name for sperm that are yet to develop/mature?

A

Spermatogonia

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15
Q

Which hormone triggers the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm from entering the uterus?

A

Progesterone

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16
Q

Which nerve causes male ejaculation?

A

Pudendal

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17
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the distal vagina and vulva?

A

Superficial inguinal

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18
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the proximal vaginal and uterus?

A

Obturator, external iliac, hypogastric

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19
Q

Which ligament connects the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries to the side wall of the pelvis?

A

Broad ligament

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20
Q

Which cells of the testes secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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21
Q

Which cells of the testes function to support and nourish developing spermatozoa?

A

Sertoli cells

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22
Q

Which cells of the follicle/ovary secrete oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

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23
Q

What type of epithelium is found at the vagina?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

What type of epithelium is found at the uterus?

A

Simple columnar with long tubular glands

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25
Which hormone is responsible for lactational amenorrhoea?
Prolactin → suppression of GnRH
26
What suppresses lactogenesis during pregnancy?
Oestrogen and progesterone ## Footnote *Levels decrease with placental delivery*
27
Which hormone stimulates the milk ejection reflex?
Oxytocin ## Footnote *In response to infant crying or suckling*
28
What are the stages of cervical remodelling with pregnancy?
1. Softening 2. Ripening 3. Dilation 4. Postpartum repair
29
What causes the positive contractile feedback loop during pregnancy?
Increased cervical stretch → oxytocin secretion → increased uterine contractions → foetus moves inferiorly and stretches the cervix
30
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
31
Where do sperm mature and are stored?
Epididymis
32
Which muscles form the shaft of the penis?
Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum *Covered by tunica albuginea*
33
What is the male homologue for the ovary?
Testis ## Footnote *Both produce gametes and sex hormones*
34
What is the male homologue for the clitoris?
Glans of penis
35
What is the male homolgue of the labia majora?
Scrotum ## Footnote *Protect and cover reproductive structures*
36
What is the male homologue of the vestibular glands?
Bulbourethral glands/Cowper's glands ## Footnote * Vestibular glands = Bartholin glands* * Both secrete mucous for lubrication*
37
What are the divisions of the broad ligament?
1. Mesometrium 2. Mesovarium 3. Mesosalpinx
38
What is the function of the ovarian ligament?
Connects the ovary to the side of the uterus
39
Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels and nerves?
Suspensory ligement of the ovary
40
What type of cells line the fallopian tubes?
Cilialted columnar epithelial cells with peg cells (secretory)
41
What are the four parts of the fallopian tube?
1. Fibriae 2. Infundibulum 3. Ampulla 4. Isthmus
42
What is the blood supply of the fallopian tubes?
Uterine and ovarian arteries | (drainage is the same)
43
What is the blood supply of the uterus?
Uterine artery (from the internal iliac artery)
44
What is the blood supply of the ovaries?
Ovarian artery (from the aorta, below the renal artery)
45
What is the vulva?
Term for female external genitalia
46
What is the vaginal vestibule?
Area enclosed by the labia minor Contains the urethral and vaginal orifices
47
What is the anatomical relationship between the uterine vessels and the ureter?
The water runs under the bridge Significant when clipping the ovarian vessels during a hystrectomy
48
What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus
Fundus: aortic nodes (drains with ovarian vessels) Body: external iliac, superficial inguinal (nodes along the external iliac vessels) Cervix: external iliac, internal iliac, sacral
49
What is the function of tall columnar cells in the cervical canal?
Secretion of alkaline mucous which forms an alkaline cervical plug, filling the canal
50
What is a septate uterus?
51
What is a bicornuate uterus?
52
What are the two phases in the menstrual cycle?
Follicular Luteal (constant; 14 days)
53
What is the dominant hormone in the luteal phase?
Progesterone
54
When does body temperature rise with the menstrual cycle?
At ovulation
55
What is the function of theca cells?
Production of androstenedione (an androgen) * Occurs in response to LH* * Theca cells are found in follicles*
56
Which cells of the follicle respond to FSH and convert androgens to estradiol?
Granulosa
57
What hormonal change leads to constriction of the spiral arteries and endometrial necrosis (menstruation)?
Progesterone withdrawal ## Footnote *The corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone*
58
Which hormone do theca cells respond to?
LH Stimulates androgen production
59
Which hormone to granulosa cells respond to?
FSH
60
What is the function of granulosa cells?
Convert androgens to estradiol
61
How are estrogens produced?
Testosterone/androstenedione (androgens) → estrogen By the enzyme aromatase
62
Where are granulosa cells found?
Around the oocyte
63
Where are theca cells found?
Around developing follicles
64
Which vessels are found within the suspensory ligament of the ovaries?
The ovarian vessels
65
Which vessels are found within the transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament?
The uterine vessels
66
Which vessels are found within the round ligament?
0 ## Footnote *Maintains anteversion of the uterus*
67
Which ligament attaches the ovary to the uterus?
The ligament of the ovary
68
What is the name of the space between the uterus and the rectus?
The pouch of Douglas
69
How long does it take for the development of a mature spermatid?
2 months
70
Where does spermatogenesis occur in the testis?
Seminiferous tubules
71
In spermatogenesis, what are the immature and mature sperm called?
Immature = spermatogonium Mature = spermatozoan
72
What do Leydig cells do?
Synthesise and secrete testosterone
73
What hormone to Leydig cells respond to?
LH
74
What do Sertoli cells do?
Support spermatogenesis
75
What hormone do Sertoli cells respond to?
FSH
76
What are the 3 ligaments which support the uterus?
1. Pubocervical 2. Cardinal/transverse 3. Uterosacral
77
What is the infundibulopelvic ligament?
Suspensory ligament of the ovary ## Footnote *Contains the ovarian vessels*
78
Which artery runs under the round ligament?
Sampson's artery Anastomosis of the ovarian and uterine artery
79
How is testosterone produced in males?
Leydig cells (adjacent to seminiferous tubules)
80
Where is testosterone synthesised in females?
1. Adrenal gland (25%) 2. Ovary (25% - theca cells) 3. Peripheral conversion of androstenedione (50%)
81
Where is androstenodione produced?
Ovary 50% Adrenal gland 50%
82
What is the innervation of the cervix?
Vagus nerve ## Footnote *Stimulation e.g., Mirena insertion can cause vasovagal symptoms*
83
What is the function of Skene's glands?
They secrete a fluid that helps lubricate the urethral opening
84
What is the dominant hormone in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone
85
What are the mullerian ducts?
Embryological derivative of the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina (paramesonephric ducts)
86
What are the Wolffian ducts?
Embryological derivative of the epididymis, vas deference, vesicles and ejaculatory ducts (mesonephric ducts)
87
What is the function of the round ligament?
Anteversion
88
Where does the ureter run under the uterine artery?
Pelvic brim

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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