Reproductive

Question 1

Secondary breast development, which often represents the beginning of pubertal development

Answer 1

Thelarche

Question 2

First appearance of pubic hair at puberty

Answer 2

Pubarche

Question 3

Premature pubarche is usually the consequence of an early increase in the

Answer 3

adrenal androgens

Question 4

Complete precocious puberty refers to the

Answer 4

onset and progression of all pubertal features

Question 5

Mixed precocious puberty refers to

Answer 5

when children develops some secondary sex characteristics of the opposite sex (virilization of a girl or feminization of a boy)

Question 6

A syndrome when the patient is male genetically and their body produces testosterone. However their cells do not have a receptor for testosterone. As a result they have female external genitalia and female secondary sex characteristics

Answer 6

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Question 7

Abnormal hariness

Answer 7

hirsutism

Question 8

PMS and PMDD are specifically associated with which phase of the ovulatory cycle?

Answer 8

luteal

Question 9

Infections of the genital tract caused by exogenous pathogens are most often…

Answer 9

sexually transmitted

Question 10

Infections of the genital tract caused by endogenous pathogens are most often…

Answer 10

caused by microorganisms normally present in the vagina, bowel, or vulva

Question 11

An acute inflammatory process caused by infection that involves any or all organs in the upper genital tract

Answer 11

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 12

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes

Answer 12

salpingitis

Question 13

inflammation of the ovaries is called

Answer 13

oophoritis

Question 14

Irritation of the vagina that can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, irritants, or pathologies or by a disruption of the normal flora of the vagina

Answer 14

Vaginitis

Question 15

Purulent or mucopurulent discharge or endocervical bleeding or both induced by gently introducing a cotton swab into the cervix indicates which diagnosis?

Answer 15

Cervicitis

Question 16

Caused by Trichomonas, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, or Ureaplasma and results in the cervix becoming friable, bleeding easily during sexual intercourse or with pelvic examinations and pap smears.

Answer 16

Mucopurulent Cervicitis (MPC)

Question 17

A chronic pain and inflammation of the vulva or vestibule caused by contact dermatitis, or an autoimmune reaction.

Answer 17

Vulvodynia

Question 18

An inflammation of one or both of the ducts that lead from the introitus (vaginal opening) to the greater vestibular glands. This type of cyst varies from 1 to 8 cm in diameter is located in the posterolateral portion of the vulva and may be reddened and painful, and pus may be visible.

Answer 18

Bartholinitis or Bartholin Cyst

Question 19

The descent of one or more of the following into the vaginal space: the vaginal wall, the uterus, or the apex of the vagina

Answer 19

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)

Question 20

A descent of a portion of the posterior bladder wall and trigone into the vaginal canal is

Answer 20

cystocele

Question 21

The bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal

Answer 21

rectocele

Question 22

Herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the rectovaginal spetum

Answer 22

enterocele

Question 23

A removable device that when placed in the vagina, holds the uterus in position

Answer 23

pessary

Question 24

This disorder is caused by a transient condition in which the dominant follicle fails to rupture or one or more of the nondominant follicles fail to regress

Answer 24

Follicular cysts

Question 25

What increases the chance that an ovarian cyst is malignant?

Answer 25

The more solid it is

Question 26

Ovarian teratoma that contain elements of all three germ layers and is a growth that contains mature tissue including skin, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands, muscle fibers, cartilage, teeth, and bone

Answer 26

Dermoid Cysts

Question 27

Why should Dermoid cysts be carefully evaluated

Answer 27

They have malignant potential

Question 28

The twisting of the ovary on its ligaments pinching off blood supply to the ovary and causing extreme pain

Answer 28

Ovarian torsion

Question 29

A benign mass of endometrial tissue covered by surface epithelium and contains a variable amount of glands, stroma, and blood vessels

Answer 29

Endometrial polyps

Question 30

This type of polyp are often penduculated and may be mistaken for endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 30

Hyperplastic polyps

Question 31

Polyps that cause abnormal bleeding have twice...

Answer 31

the rate of malignancy of asymptomatic polyps

Question 32

These tumors are estrogen and progesterone sensitive and are found to have increased numbers of estrogen receptors. Due to a lack of blood supply this tumor is unable to support their growth may have necrosis causing pain

Answer 32

Leiomyomas

Question 33

The presence of endometrial tissue within the uterine myometrium is

Answer 33

Adenomyosis

Question 34

pain on intercourse

Answer 34

dyspareunia

Question 35

pain on defecation

Answer 35

dyschezia

Question 36

Cervical cancer is caused almost exclusively by

Answer 36

HPV

Question 37

The precancerous cell changes that lead to invasive cervical cancer

Answer 37

Cervical dysplasia

Question 38

A more advanced form of precancerous cell changes (than cervical dysplasia)

Answer 38

Precancerous dysplasia or cervical carcinoma in situ

Question 39

True or false most sexually active women will contract HPV, but most resolve. Additionally a woman with a single life partner can still develop an HPV infection.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

The replacement of some epithelial cells in the cervix by atypical neoplastic cells and is "staged"

Answer 40

Cervical dysplasia

Question 41

when cervical cancer consists of cancer invasion into adjacent tissues and metastisis

Answer 41

invasive carcinoma of the cervix

Question 42

A woman with vaginal bleeding, bloody discharge, vaginal discharge, vulvar pruritus, rectal or bladder symptoms, pain, or leg edema may be diagnosed with

Answer 42

vaginal cancer

Question 43

A woman who presents with a history of vulvar irritation and pruritis, urinary symptoms, hard ulcerated area of the vulva, large cauliflower lesions or lesions similar to those of chronic dermatitis most likely has

Answer 43

Vulvar cancer

Question 44

A patient that presents with vaginal bleeding caused by the disruption of the endometrial surface by neoplastic processes with late symptoms of weight loss and pain probably has

Answer 44

endometrial cancer

Question 45

This rare neoplasm arises from mesenchymal tissues of and near the uterus including myometrial smooth muscle, endometrial stroma, or adjacent connective tissue

Answer 45

Uterine sarcomas

Question 46

Which ovarian cancer is the most aggressive?

Answer 46

germ-cell

Question 47

Which cancer is most commonly diagnosed after metastasis has occurred and is therefore called the "silent killer"?

Answer 47

Ovarian cancer

Question 48

The persistent and sometimes excessive secretion of a milky fluid from the breasts of a man or a woman who is not pregnant or nursing

Answer 48

galactorrhea

Question 49

True or false galactorrhea (inappropriate lactation) is associated with breast cancer?

Answer 49

false

Question 50

Hormone imbalances caused by hypothalamic/pituitary disturbances, pituitary tumors, neurologic damage, drugs, estrogen, manipulation of the nipples, hyerprolactinemia, and oral contraceptives are all causative factors for

Answer 50

galactorrhea

Question 51

Unilateral, spontaneous, serous or serosanguineous discharge form a single duct usually is caused by an

Answer 51

intraductal papilloma

Question 52

Bloody discharge from the nipples suggets

Answer 52

cancer

Question 53

bilateral sticky multicolored discharge from multiple nipple ducts is often caused by

Answer 53

ductal ectasia

Question 54

Purluent discharge from the nipples indicates a

Answer 54

subareolar abcess

Question 55

A range of noncancerous changes in the breast of different components of the breast (epithelial, stromal, adipocytes, or vascular)

Answer 55

Benign breast disease

Question 56

Fluid filled sacs that are the most common nonproliferative breast lesion

Answer 56

simple cyst

Question 57

An increase in ductal epithelial cells that has apocrine changes or an eosinophilic cytoplasm (type of nonproliferative breast lesion)

Answer 57

papillary apocrine

Question 58

An increase in the number of epithelial cells within a duct that is more than two, but not more than four, cells in depth (type of nonproliferative breast lesion)

Answer 58

Mild hyperplasia of the usual type

Question 59

This type of proliferative breast lesion without atypia is a proliferating epithelial cell that fill and distend the ducts and lobules. They retain features of benign cells, but the cells can vary in size and shape.

Answer 59

usual ductual hyperplasia

Question 60

This type of proliferative breast lesion without atypia occurs as solitary or multiple lesions

Answer 60

intraductal papillomas

Question 61

This type of proliferative breast lesion without atypia are monotonous array of papillary cells that grow from the wall of a cyst into the lumen of the duct

Answer 61

solitary papillomas

Question 62

This type of proliferative breast lesion without atypia may present as breast masses, has a minimum of five papillomas within a localized segment of breast tissue.

Answer 62

Diffuse papillomatosis

Question 63

This type of proliferative breast lesion without atypia is a lobular lesion with increased fibrous tissue and scattered glandular cells. calcification is commonly present within the lumens.

Answer 63

Sclerosing adenosis

Question 64

This type of proliferative breast lesion without atypia refers to an irregular, radial proliferation of ductlike small tubules entrapped in a densely fibrotic stroma

Answer 64

Radial scar (RS)

Question 65

This type of proliferative breast lesion without atypia is a benign solid lump or mass composed of both stromal and glandular tissue.

Answer 65

Simple fibroadenomas

Question 66

this type of breast cancer is detected almost exclusively by mammography

Answer 66

ductal carcinoma in situ

Question 67

The mammary gland produces and delivers copious amounts of milk by forming a rootlike network of branched ducts from a rudimentary epithelial bud. Occurs during adolsecence

Answer 67

Branching morphogenesis

Question 68

When an aging breast regress in the number and size of acini per lobule and replace the intralobular stroma with denser collagen of connective tissue the process is called

Answer 68

lobular involution

Question 69

Dormant cells are sometimes called

Answer 69

minimal residual disease MRD

Question 70

Why are dormant cells in cancer so difficult to kill?

Answer 70

They do not proliferate and so cannot be targeted by most cancer therapy.

Question 71

Carcinoma cells may promote the growth of lymphatic vessels through the process of

Answer 71

lymphangiogenesis

Question 72

A heterogeneous group of proliferative lesions that is limited to breast ducts and lobules without invasion of the basement membrane

Answer 72

ductal carcinoma in situ

Question 73

This originates from the terminal duct lobular unit of the breast, has a uniform appearance, and is found as an incidental lesion biopsy and NOT from a mammography.

Answer 73

Lobular carcinoma in situ LCIS

Question 74

Premature pubarche in boys is usually the consequence of an early in crase in the

Answer 74

adrenal androgens

Question 75

Children with precocious puberty also have a tendency toward

Answer 75

obesity

Question 76

When the foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans of the penis

Answer 76

phimosis

Question 77

the foreskin of the penis is retracted and cannot be moved forward

Answer 77

paraphimosis

Question 78

There is a higher incidence of penile carcionma in

Answer 78

uncircumcised males and HPV infection

Question 79

A flexion deformity of the fingers or toes caused by shortening or fibrosis of the palmar of plantar fascia that is associated with peyronie disease

Answer 79

Dupuytren

Question 80

An uncommon condition of prolonged penile erection and is defined as a persistent and painful erection lasting longer than 4 hours without stimulation

Answer 80

priapism

Question 81

An inflammation of the glans penis associated with poor hygiene and phimosis. It involves the accumulation under the foreskin of glandular secretion (smegma), sloughed epithelial cells

Answer 81

Balanitis

Question 82

Men with phimosis and those with AIDS have a much higher risk of this type of cancer

Answer 82

penile cancer

Question 83

An abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord and is classically described as a "bag of worms" most occur on the left side. The cause of this male disorder is incompetent or congenitally absent valves in the spermatic veins.

Answer 83

Variocele

Question 84

A collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis and is the most common cause of scrotal swelling

Answer 84

hydrocele

Question 85

A benign cystic collection of fluid of the epididymis located between the head of the epdidymis and the testis. These manifest as discrete firm freely mobile masses distinct from the testes that may be transilluminated.

Answer 85

spermatoceles

Question 86

a testicle has strayed from the normal pathway of descent

Answer 86

ectopic testis

Question 87

A rotation of the testis which twists blood vessels in the spermatic cord causing acute scrotum, stopping blood flow to the testis. It is not relieved by scrotal elevation, rest or scrotal support

Answer 87

torsion of the testes

Question 88

What is Prehn sign

Answer 88

testicular pain not relieved by scrotal elevation

Question 89

Torsion of the testis is a...

Answer 89

surgical emergency

Question 90

An acute infection of the testes and is uncommon except as a complication of systemic infection or as an extension of an associated epididymitis

Answer 90

Orchitis

Question 91

This occurs in middle-age men that seems to be an autoimmune disease that triggers a granulomatous response to spermatozoa

Answer 91

granulomatous orchitis

Question 92

What is the most common infectious cause of orchitis?

Answer 92

mumps

Question 93

The most common and least aggressive of testicular cancers

Answer 93

seminoma

Question 94

Name the three nonseminomas

Answer 94

embryonal carcinomas, tertomas, and choriocarcinomas

Question 95

An inflammation of the epididymis, generally occurs in sexually active young males and is usually caused by STDs

Answer 95

Epididymitis

Question 96

The biologic aggressiveness of the prostatic neoplasms appears to be related to the degree of

Answer 96

differentiation

Question 97

A precursor lesion to prostate cancer

Answer 97

prostate epithelial neoplasia PIN