Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

(93 cards)

1
Q

Which structures make up the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)?

A

Sacral promontory, ala of the sacrum, arcuate line of the ilium, pecten pubis, pubic tubercle, pubic crest and pubic symphysis

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2
Q

Which parts of the pelvis are named the true/lesser pelvis?

A

Pelvic cavity and pelvic viscera (located inferiorly)

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3
Q

Which parts of the pelvis are named the false/greater pelvis?

A

Iliac crests, and everything bony above the inlet. Provides support of the lower abdominal viscera

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4
Q

What are the features of the male pelvis?

A
  • taller and narrower male pelvis
  • narrower lesser pelvis
  • narrower pelvic outlet
  • acute subpubic angle
  • round obturator foramen
  • closer together acetabulam
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5
Q

What are the features of the female pelvis?

A
  • shorter and wider greater pelvis
  • wider lesser pelvis
  • wider and larger pelvic inlet
  • wider pelvic outlet
  • obtuse subpubic angle
  • oval obturator foramen
  • wider apart acetabulum that face more medially
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6
Q

Which structures form the anterior inferior wall of the pelvic cavities?

A

Bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis

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7
Q

Which muscle occupies the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Obturator internus

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8
Q

Which muscle is present in the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Piriformis

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9
Q

Which nerve network lies on the muscle forming the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Sacral plexus

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10
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

Fibromuscular structure located in the midline of the perineum

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11
Q

What is the anococcygeal body?

A

Fibrous median raphe (fibrous band) that extends between the coccyx and the margin of the anus

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12
Q

What are the two major parts of the pelvic floor?

A

Levatator ani and coccygeus

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13
Q

What are the functions of the pelvic floor?

A

Support of the abdominopelvic viscera, resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/abdominal pressure and urinary/faecal continence

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the pelvic floor?

A

Pudendal n. (S2, 3& 4)

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15
Q

Which major artery supplies blood to the majority of the pelvic organs, perineum and gluteal regions (except testis, ovaries and upper part of the rectum)?

A

Internal iliac arteries

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16
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the obturator arteries?

A

Thigh adductors

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17
Q

Which veins drain the pelvic structures?

A

Internal iliac, superior rectal, median sacral, gonadal and internal vertebral plexus

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18
Q

Which parts of the rectum drain into the portal circulation?

A

Superior 2/3

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19
Q

Which part of the rectum drains into the systemic circulation?

A

Inferior 1/3

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20
Q

What is innervated by the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

In males: skin at the root of the penis

In females: labia

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21
Q

What structures in males are supplied by the genital branch of the genito-femoral nerve?

A

Spermatic cord and skin of the scrotum

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22
Q

Which autonomic nerves supply the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis in males?

A

Sympathetic fibres from L1/2 via the hypogastric plexus

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23
Q

Which autonomic nerves supply the female genital tract?

A

Pelvic and ovarian plexuses and parasympathetic nerve fibres from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, 3 and 4)

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24
Q

Which autonomic nerves innervate the erectile tissue in both male and females?

A

Parasympathetic from S2, 3 & 4 via the hypogastric plexus

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25
Where do the external iliac lymph nodes drain lymph from?
Inguinal nodes, bladder, external genitalia, vagina, cervix and body of the uterus
26
Where do the internal iliac lymph nodes drain lymph from?
Gluteal region, deep perineum and inferior pelvic viscera
27
Where do the sacral lymph nodes drain lymph from?
Posterioinferior pelvic viscera
28
Where do the common iliac lymph nodes drain lymph from?
Drainage from 3 main groups: external iliac, internal iliac and sacral
29
Name the internal male reproductive organs
Testis, vas deferens, seminal glands, prostate, epididymis and bulbourethral glands
30
Name the main contents of the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens, testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins
31
What is the tough outer fibrous layer of the testis called?
Tunica
32
What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis called?
Visceral and parietal
33
What material is present between the two layers of tunica vaginalis?
Cavum vaginale
34
What is a hydrocele?
An accumulation of serous fluid
35
What is a haematocele?
An accumulation of blood
36
At what vertebral level do the testicular arteries arise from the abdominal aorta?
L2
37
Which structures do the testicular arteries cross before they travel through the inguinal canal?
Ureter and psoas major
38
What is the term used for the 8-12 anastomosing veins associated with the testis?
Pampiniform plexus
39
Into which vein does the right testicular vein drain into?
IVC
40
Into which vein does the left testicular vein drain into?
Left renal vein
41
Which two lymph node groups receive lymph from the testis?
Para-aortic and lumbar
42
What secretions are produced by the seminal vesicles?
Seminal fluid (fructose, proteins, citric acid, inorganic phosphorus, potassium and prostaglandins)
43
What secretions are produced by the prostate gland?
Prostate fluid (PSA, enzymes and B-microsemen protein
44
What are the bulbourethral glands?
Small, paired structures located in the urogenital diaphragm which empty into the spongy urethra
45
What is secreted by the bulbourethral gland and what is its function?
- Mucous containing glycoproteins - Lubrication for urethra and tip of penis, expels any urine residue/dead cells/mucous through the urethral meatus and helps to neutralise residual acidity in the male urethra
46
What is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?
Internal iliac and sacral nodes
47
What is the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicle?
External and internal iliac nodes
48
What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?
Superficial inguinal nodes
49
What is the lymphatic drainage of the penis?
Superficial inguinal, deep inguinal and external iliac nodes
50
Which structures make up the female reproductive system?
Uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina and ovaries
51
What three structures constitute the birth canal?
Cervix, vagina and vulva
52
What are the three layers of the uterus?
Parametrium, myometrium and endometrium
53
What is the normal position of the uterus?
Anteflexed and anteverted
54
What are the fornices of the vagina?
Recesses at the vault of the vagina
55
Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch?
Posterior
56
Which ligament is called the cardinal ligament of the uterus?
Mackerodt's/ lateral cervical/ transverse cervical ligament
57
Name the four parts of the fallopian tubes
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and intramural/uterine
58
Which part of the uterine tube is the longest and widest?
Ampulla
59
Fertilisation occurs in which part of the uterine tube?
Ampulla
60
What is meant by the term ectopic pregnancy?
When a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb
61
What is a cornual ectopic?
When implantation occurs in the cavity of a rudimentary horn of the uterus
62
Name the two ligaments associated with the ovaries?
- Ligament of ovary (uterus to ovary) | - Suspensory ligament of ovary (ovary to lateral pelvic wall)
63
What is the blood supply to the gonads and genitalia?
Gonadal and internal iliac arteries
64
At what level do the gonadal arteries originate?
L2
65
Where does the ovarian artery run?
It descends within the suspensory ligament to supply the ovaries via the broad ligament
66
Where does the uterine artery run?
It crosses over the ureter at the level of the ischial spine at the junction of the cervix and lateral part of the fornix of the vagina
67
Where does the lymph from the labia and distal part of the vagina drain into?
Superficial inguinal
68
Where does the lymph from the ovaries drain into?
Para-aortic nodes
69
Where does the lymph from the fundus and upper uterine body drain into?
Pre-aortic nodes
70
Where does the lymph from the majority of the uterine body drain into?
Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal nodes
71
Where does the lymph from the uterine cervix and upper vagina drain into?
Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes
72
Where does the lymph from the lower vagina drain into?
Superficial inguinal and peri-rectal nodes
73
Describe the structure of breast
Each breast consists of 15-25 lobes with tubulo-acinar gland (parenchyma) and stroma (connective tissue)
74
What are the anatomical dimensions of the breasts?
Vertically: 2nd rib to 6th rib Horizontal: lateral border of the sternum to the mid axillary line
75
Which muscles lie deep to the breasts?
Pectoralis major, serratus anterior and intercostal muscles
76
Which major arteries supply the breasts?
Subclavian and axillary arteries
77
Name the main groups of lymph nodes draining the breast tissue
Axillary, parasternal, posterior intercostal and supraclavicular
78
Name four functions of the placenta?
Gaseous, removal of CO2 and waste products, protection of fetus against infections, diseases etc. and release of hormones
79
When does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?
Third stage of labour after the delivery of the fetus
80
How many umbilical arteries would you find in the umbilical cord and what is their function?
Two- carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
81
What is the name of the jelly like substance found in the umbilical cord?
Wharton's jelly
82
What are the boundaries of the perineum?
``` Anterior: pubic symphysis Posterior: tip of coccyx Laterally: inferiorpubic rabi, inferior ischial rami, and sacrotuberal ligament Roof: pelvic floor Base: skin and fascia ```
83
Name the two triangles that form the perineum
Anterior urogenital and posterior anal triangles
84
Which perineal triangle lies anteroinferior to the coccyx?
Posterior anal triangle
85
What is the name given to the thin sheet of deep fascia that stretches between the right and left sides of the pubic arch below the pubic symphysis?
Coles fascia
86
Name the muscles of the perineum
- External anal sphincter - Bulbospongiosus - Ischiocavernosus - Superficial transverse perineal - Deep transverse perineal - External urethral sphincter
87
What is the perineal body?
Connectin point for the muscles
88
Which muscles converge towards the perineal body?
- Bulbospongiosus - External anal sphincter - Superficial and deep perineal muscles
89
What is the innervation of the external urethral sphincter?
Perineal branch of the pudendal nerve
90
What is the innervation of the internal urethral sphincter?
Sympathetic - T10-L2 from the hypogastric reflex
91
What is the widest part of the male urethra?
Prostatic
92
What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?
Membranous
93
What are the contents of the ischio-anal fossae?
- Pudendal n. | - Internal pudendal artery and vein