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Physio: Endocrinology > Reproductive Cycle > Flashcards

Reproductive Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

3 fns of male reproductive system

A
  • spermatogenesis
  • sex act
  • regulation of male reproduction function
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2
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • the sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubule are where differentiation and meiosis of sperm cells occurs
  • requires FSH and E
  • LH required to push sperm into lumen
  • T and E required for maturation of sperm
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3
Q

FSH source, target, and action

A
  • pituitary
  • sertoli cells
  • spermatogenesis
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4
Q

LH source, target, and action

A
  • pituitary
  • Leydig cells
  • androgen release
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5
Q

GH source, target, and action

A
  • pituitary
  • many
  • background metabolism

-if you have a GH deficiency, it may cause a decrease in sperm count

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6
Q

Androgens source, target, and action

A
  • testes
  • many
  • masculinization
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7
Q

Androgenic effect

A
  • hair pattern
  • muscle distribution
  • fat distribution
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8
Q

T, Androsterone, Stanozolol

A
  • T anabolic:androgenic = 1:1
  • Andro anabolic:androgenic = 1:6
  • Stanozolol anabolic:androgenic = 3-6:1
  • if you want to bulk up, you want an anabolic effect –> stanozolol!
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9
Q

male sex act

A
  • arousal
  • spinal reflexes
  • parasympathetic (sacrospinal) control of erection, sympathetic (thoracolumbar) control of ejaculation
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10
Q

Female follicles

A
  • primary follicle –> forms due to FSH and LH
  • once the primary follicle develops, the others go through programmed cell death called atresia
  • roughly 20 follicles are lost per month
  • secondary follicle (antrum forming) –> has external wall (stratum granulosum)
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11
Q

ovarian phase

A
  • follicular

- luteal (dominated by corpus luteum)

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12
Q

what causes the release of FSH and LH from the hypothalamus?

A
  • environmental influences

- psychological influences from higher brain

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13
Q

Uterine phase

A
  • proliferative (controlled by hormones, i.e. estrogen)

- secretory (i.e. progesterone)

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14
Q

FSH effect on ovaries

A
  • development of follicle

- production of estrogen

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15
Q

LH effect on ovaries

A
  • ovulation
  • development of corpus luteum
  • production of progesterone
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16
Q

Lukron

A

-horrible drug used to induce menopause –> inhibits GNRH

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17
Q

How does menstruation occur

A

-at the end of the cycle, abrupt drop in P

18
Q

how long do sperm survive?

A
  • 1st part of cycle, sperm can live for about 5 days

- end of cycle, cervix is dryer and sperm only live for a couple days

19
Q

Stability of follicular phase vs. luteal phase

A
  • follicular phase not as stable –> susceptible to lack of sleep, stress, travel, etc.
  • luteal phase much more stable
20
Q

how can you get pregnant if you only missed one pill

A
  • stop having estrogen and progesterone so your body doesn’t have negative feedback
  • progesterone maintains the uterine lining and causes most of the side effects of BC
21
Q

reasons why you cant get pregnant

A
  • due to male
  • because female luteal phase may only be 8-10 days (on average, its 12-14 days), developing embryo needs time to make own nutrients
22
Q

body temperature during ovulation

A
  • cortisol causes body temperature to rise during the day so you must measure at the same time each day
  • PROGESTERONE makes the body temp increase!
  • when you ovulate, corpus luteum makes progesterone which causes temp to spike!!
23
Q

erectile dysfunction

A
  • are you attracted to your partner
  • if problem is at gonads, T will be low but GNRH, LH, and FSH will be high
  • multiple causes including psychogenic, neurogenic, hormonal, vascular, drug related, penile related
24
Q

Hypogonadism

A
  • decreased androgen levels (primary = gonad issue, secondary = pituitary issue)
  • presents with decreased libido, depression, fatigue
  • measure free T –> most is bound to androgen binding proteins
  • cause could hyperprolactinemia (inhibits GnRH centrally)
  • MCC related to vascular changes d/t smoking, lipids, DM, HTN, etc.
25
Q

hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism

A

-decreased T, increased FSH

26
Q

hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

A

-decreased T, decreased FSH

27
Q

endometriosis

A
  • growth of endometrial tissue outside uterus
  • increase in western countries (10-15%)
  • risk factors = early menarche (more cycling time), short cycles (more cycles in same amnt of time), long periods, heavy flow, increased pain, primary relatives
  • MC with postponed childbirth (fewer kids)

-possible mechanisms: retrograde menstruation (when woman menstruates, some goes out of tubes and into body cavity), or hematogenous spread (travels in blood and lymph)

28
Q

amenorrhea

A
  • absence of menstruation
  • failure to develop follicle to point of maturation/ovulation
  • MCC = PREGNANCY
  • common after menarche and during perimenopause (both times, the ovaries are not fully functional)
29
Q

hypomenorrhea

A

scanty menstruation

30
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

infrequent menstruation (>35d)

31
Q

polymenorrhea

A

frequent menstruation (<27d)

32
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive menstruation

33
Q

metrorrhagia

A

bleeding between periods

34
Q

causes of dysfunctional menstrual cycles

A
  • alteration of hormones supporting normal cycles
  • estrogen = bricks, progesterone = mortar
  • causes are complex (relative or actual reduced E, sudden drop of P, NOT absence of P)
  • dysfunctional menstrual cycles are often the result of E and P problems, not pituitary hormones
35
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A
  • failure to menstruate by 16yo or 14yo if absence of secondary characteristics
  • causes: gonadal dysgenesis (not developing), gongenital mullerian agenesis, testicular feminization, HPO axis defect
36
Q

Secondary amenorrhea

A
  • cessation of menstruation for 6 mos in woman with normal cycles
  • normal for woman to miss a period every once in a while
  • ovaria, pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction, Asherman’s syndrome, infection, pituitary tumor, anorexia nervosa, strenuous exercise
37
Q

workup for amenorrhea

A

-Lab testing: FSH:LH, prolactin (prolactinoma), testosterone (too much testosterone may be indicative of a birth defect), pregnancy, pituitary imaging

38
Q

tx for amenorrhea

A
  • give progesterone challenge - 10d with expected period after withdrawal
  • combo BCP for period can help regulate cycles
  • correct underlying causes
39
Q

premenstrual syndrome

A
  • cluster of physical and psychological symptoms limited to the luteal phase, typically relieved by menses –> IT IS NOT PMS IF IT IS NOT LUTEAL PHASE
  • multiple hormonal theories include prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone
  • PMDD is a DSM4 diagnosis for severe, debilitating PMS with a significant emotional component, treated with SSRI
40
Q

Galactorrhea

A
  • breast milk secretion from non-lactating breast
  • causes: nipple stimulation, exogenous hormones, hormone imbalance, local infection or trauma, pituitary tumor (prolactinoma)
  • usually benign, can be observed

Physio: Endocrinology (7 decks)

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