Reproductive Function Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
The generation of sperm
A
Spermatogenesis
2
Q
Part of the male external genitalia; it contains erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal
A
Penis
3
Q
A sheath of loose skin that covers the glans penis at birth. Often surgically removed for hygienic, cultural, or religious reasons
A
Foreskin
4
Q
An oily secretion produced by the glans that can combine with dead skin to form a cheesy substance. If not regularly removed from under the foreskin, the penis can become irritated and infected
A
Smegma
5
Q
An opening or passageway
A
Meatus
6
Q
Propulsion of sperm-containing fluid
A
Ejaculation
7
Q
A sac of skin just below the penis that contains the testes, epididymis, and lower spermatic cords
A
Scrotum
8
Q
Gonads; organs that produce sperm and the sex hormones
A
Testes
9
Q
Structure in the male reproductive tract that stores sperm up to 6 weeks until ejaculation
A
Epididymis
10
Q
Hormone that gives males their classic secondary sex characteristics and sex drive. Can also regulate metabolism and protein anabolism, inhibits pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins, and promotes potassium excretion and renal sodium reabsorption
A
Testosterone
11
Q
Part of the male duct system that carries sperm out of the testes
A
Vas deferens
12
Q
A cordlike structure, consisting of the vas deferens and its accompanying arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, that passes from the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal down into the scrotum to the back of the testicle
A
Spermatic cord
13
Q
A pouch that joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct in the male reproductive system. Stores semen and contributes secretions to it
A
Ampulla
14
Q
A pair of pouches that secrete an alkaline ejaculatory fluid containing sugar, protein, and prostaglandins. Join with the ampulla to form the ejaculatory duct
A
Seminal vesicles
15
Q
Canal in the male reproductive tract formed by union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle
A
Ejaculatory duct
16
Q
Fluid made up of ejaculatory fluid and sperm. It flows from the ejaculatory duct to the urethra, where it is released from the penis during sexual intercourse
A
Semen
17
Q
A chestnut-shaped gland at the base of the urethra in men; it produces fluid that mixes with the sperm and secretions of the seminal vesicles. This fluid decreases acidity of the secretions, increases sperm motility, and prolongs sperm life
A
Prostate gland
18
Q
Two pea-sized glands adjacent to the urethra that secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra to neutralize acidity caused by urine transportation. These secretions can sometimes be seen at the meatus before ejaculation. This secretion aids in lubrication of the penis during sexual intercourse and may contain some sperm left over from a previous ejaculation
A
Cowper gland
19
Q
The climax of pleasurable sensations
A
Orgasm
20
Q
The generation of eggs
A
Oogenesis
21
Q
The transportation of the eggs
A
Ovulation
22
Q
The fertilization of eggs
A
Impregnation
23
Q
The support of fetal development from conception to birth by the female reproductive system
A
Gestation
24
Q
The birth of the fetus
A
Parturition
25
The production and secretion of milk for the feeding of offspring
Lactation
26
Paired almond-shaped organs located on each side of the uterus
Ovaries
27
Two cylinders that extend from the fundus of the uterus to the ovaries
Fallopian tubes
28
A fertilized egg
Zygote
29
Pregnancy in which the zygote does not reach the uterus but rather implants outside the uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
30
A hollow pear-shaped organ held in place by the broad, round uterosacral ligaments
Uterus
31
Tilted forward. Usually used in reference to the uterus
Anteflexed
32
Tilted backwards - in reference to the uterus
Retroflexed
33
The inner mucosal lining of the uterus wall that undergoes hormonal changes to facilitate and maintain pregnancy
Endometrium
34
A vascular organ that develops during pregnancy to nourish the fetus through the umbilical cord
Placenta
35
The middle layer of the uterine wall, made up of smooth muscle and a vascular system. During pregnancy, the vascular system radically increases to support the fetus
Myometrium
36
The outer serous layer of the uterine wall that covers all of the fundus and part of the corpus but none of the cervix
Perimetrium
37
The narrow opening from the vagina to the uterus
Cervix
38
A series of monthly changes in females that begin at puberty and continue through the reproductive years
Menstrual cycle
39
Shedding of the endometrium. It generally occurs on a regular basis (usually every 28 days) during the reproductive years of women.
Menstruation
40
The complete and permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle
Menopause
41
A hollow tunnel-like structure that extends from the cervix to the external genitalia
Vagina
42
Gland in the mucosal lining of the vagina that secretes a protective lubricating fluid during sexual intercourse
Skene gland
43
A thin connective tissue that covers the external vagina opening to some degree
Hymen
44
The structures of external female genitalia. These structures include the mons pubis, the labia majora, the labia minora, the clitoris, and the vestibule
Vulva
45
The pad of fat over the symphysis pubis that becomes covered with hair after puberty
Mons pubis
46
The two large, fatty skin folds of the external genitalia that protect the perineum and aid in lubrication
Labia majora
47
Two small, firm skin folds located just inside the labia majora of the external female genitalia
Labia minora
48
Part of the vulva formed by the connection of two labia minor. It's sensitive to stimulation and becomes filled with blood during sexual arousal. It contains two corpora cavernosa, similar to the penis
Clitoris
49
Glands that lie just within the labia minor and provide lubrication during sexual intercourse
Bartholin glands
50
The area of the vagina that contains the urethral and vaginal opening
Vestibule
51
Glands that are located in the breast of male and female but function only in females. They produce milk when stimulated to do so
Mammary glands
52
A hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production
Prolactin
53
A pigmented projection of the breast that is surrounded by the areola
Nipple
54
An area of pigmentation surrounding the nipple of the breast
Areola
55
Gland that produces secretions that protect and lubricate the nipple and areola of the breast during breastfeeding
Areolar gland
56
The urethral meatus occurring on the dorsal surface of the penis instead of the end
Epispadias
57
Condition in which the urethral meatus is found on the ventral surface of the penis instead of the distal end
Hypospadias
58
A downward curvature of the penis
Chordee
59
A congenital condition in which one or both testes do not descend from the abdomen to the scrotum prior to birth
Cryptorchidism
60
Undescended testes that deviate from the path of descent
Ectopic testes
61
A testicle that moves back and forth between the scrotum and the lower abdomen. Such a testicle is easily returned to the scrotum through gentle manipulation
Retractile testicle
62
A testicle that has returned to the lower abdomen and cannot easily be guided back into the scrotum. Also called acquired undescended testicle
Ascending testicle
63
A biological inability to contribute to reproduction
Infertility
64
The inability to attain or maintain a penile erection sufficient to complete sexual intercourse. Also called impotence
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
65
Condition that occurs when the foreskin cannot be retracted from the glans penis
Phimosis
66
A condition in which the foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned over the glans penis
Paraphimosis
67
A prolonged, painful erection
Priapism
68
Fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord
Hydrocele
69
A sperm-containing cyst that develops between the testes and the epididymis
Spermatocele
70
A dilated vein in the spermatic cord
Varicocele
71
An abnormal rotation of the testes on the spermatic cord
Testicular torsion
72
The absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea
73
Painful menstruation, to the extent that it impairs daily activities
Dysmenorrhea
74
A group of physical and emotional symptoms that affect many women prior to menstruation for reasons not fully understood
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
75
A severe form of premenstrual syndrome that is characterized by severe depression, tension, and irritability
Premenstrual dysphoric syndrome
76
Condition that occurs when the bladder protrudes into the anterior wall of the vagina
Cystocele
77
Condition that occurs when the rectum protrudes through the posterior wall of the vagina
Rectocele
78
The descent of the uterus or cervix into the vagina
Uterine prolapse
79
Condition in which the endometrium begins growing in areas outside the uterus
Endometriosis
80
A uterine fibroid; a firm, rubbery growth of the myometrium
Leiomyoma
81
A benign fluid-filled sac on the ovary. Often forms in the ovulation process. Instead of the follicle releasing the egg, the fluid stays in the follicle, creating a cyst.
Ovarian cyst
82
A condition in which the ovary becomes enlarged and contains numerous cysts
Polycystic ovary syndrome
83
The presence of numerous benign nodules in the breast
Fibrocystic breast masses (disease)
84
An inflammation of the breast tissue that can be associated with infection and lactation
Mastitis
85
Inflammation of the prostate, which can be either acute or chronic
Prostatitis
86
An inflammation of the epididymis, the duct connecting the testes to the vas deferens
Epididymitis
87
A yeast infection caused by the common fungus Candida albicans
Candidiasis
88
An infection of the female reproductive system
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
89
Any of a broad range of infections that can be contracted through sexual contact. Sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted disease (STD)
Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
90
One of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections; caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia
91
Sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Referred to colloquially as the clap
Gonorrhea
92
An ulcerative sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped (spirochete) bacterium that requires a warm, moist environment to survive
Syphilis
93
An infected ulcerative lesion often associated with sexually transmitted infections such as genital herpes
Chancre
94
The first stage of syphilis. Painless chancres (usually one) form at the site of infection about 2-3 weeks after initial infection
Primary syphilis
95
Stage of syphilis that occurs about 2-8 weeks after the first chancres form. Approximately 33% of those individuals who do not have their primary syphilis treated will develop this second stage. This stage is characterized by a generalized brown-red rash that does not itch.
Secondary syphilis
96
The final stage of syphilis. Begins when the secondary symptoms disappear and lasts 1-4 years. Can last for years as the infection spreads to the brain, nervous system, heart, skin, and bones. Also called tertiary syphilis
Latent syphilis
97
A sexually transmitted infection that causes blisters on the genitals and in the reproductive tract
Genital herpes
98
One of a family of more than 70 herpesviruses; the cause of genital herpes
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
99
In infection with the herpes simplex virus, a tingling or burning sensation at the site just before a lesion appears
Prodrome
100
The first stage of genital herpes. It usually occurs with 2-10 days of exposure and is characterized by blisters or open lesions, fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes in the groin area, painful urination, and vaginal discharge
Primary herpes genitalis
101
The second stage of genital herpes, which begins once the antibodies are formed
Latent herpes genitalis
102
The third stage of herpes, wherein the virus is reactivated but produces no symptoms
Shedding herpes genitalis
103
The fourth stage of genital herpes; characterized by the reactivation of the virus and clinical manifestations
Recurrent herpes genitalis
104
Benign genital wart caused by the group of viruses called human papillomaviruses
Condyloma acuminatum
105
A virus that can cause benign warts, genital warts, as well as reproductive (cervical and penile) and anal cancers. There are more than 70 different types
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
106
Infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a one-celled anaerobic organism. This extracellular parasite can burrow under the mucosal lining. Colloquially referred to as trick
Trichomoniasis
107
Cancer of the penis. The exact cause is unknown, but risk is thought to be increased by the presence of smegma, being uncircumcised, poor hygiene, phimosis, and human papillomavirus infection
Penile cancer
108
Cancer of the prostate. It is the most common cancer among men. The slow-growing tumor is often confined to the prostate, improving the prognosis
Prostate cancer
109
Cancer of the testicles. Can occur as a slow-growing or fast-growing tumor. Risk for developing is thought to be increased by family history, infection, trauma, and cryptorchidism. Usually affects one testicle but can affect both
Testicular cancer
110
Cancer of the breast; the most common malignancy in women, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women
Breast cancer
111
Cancer of the cervix. The Pap smear can detect precancerous changes. Procedures can be performed to remove these precancerous cells, limiting the likelihood of these changes progressing to permanent malignant changes
Cervical cancer
112
Cancer of the inner lining of the uterus; a common malignancy in women
Endometrial cancer
113
Cancer of the ovaries. There is no reliable screening test, it is difficult to treat, and it often has metastasized at the time of diagnosis. However, advances in treatment are improving the survival rates
Ovarian cancer
114
In which stage of embryonic development do the sex chromosomes determine the sex?
Fertilization
115
In which stages of embryonic development do the tissues from which the male and female reproductive organs develop are undifferentiated?
Early stages
116
In which stage of embryonic development do two wolffian ducts determine male genitalia and two mullerian ducts determine female genitalia?
By the seventh week
117
This stage of embryonic development is characterized by:
- The testes begin development under the influence of the Y chromosome
- The testicular cells of the male embryo begin producing an anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and testosterone
- AMH suppress development of uterus and fallopian tubes in the males; stimulates development of male structures
Sixth to eighth week of gestation
118
What are the components of the male genitourinary system?
- Paired gonads or testes
- Genital ducts
- Accessory organs
- Penis
119
These produce male sex androgens (mainly testosterone) and spermatozoa (male germ cells)
Testes
120
These produce the fluid constituents of semen and have a ductile system that aids in the storage and transportation of spermatozoa
Internal accessory organs
121
This performs urine elimination and sexual function
Penis
122
What are the male accessory organs?
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral gland
123
Three masses of erectile tissue held together by fibrous strands and covered with a thin layer of skin
- Corpora cavernosa: two lateral masses of tissue
- Corpus spongiosum: third ventral mass
- Both are cavernous sinuses that normally are relatively empty but become engaged with blood during penile erection
Composition of the penis
124
- The generation of spermatozoa or sperm
- Begins at an average age or 13 years and continues throughout the reproductive years of a man's life
- Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
- FSH binds to specific receptors in Sertoli cells
- Testosterone is required (the intratesticular concentration of testosterone is 100-fold greater than serum level)
Spermatogenesis
125
What are the male sex hormones (androgens)?
- Testosterone
- Dihydrotestosterone
- Androstenedione
126
- Induce differentiation of the male genital tract during fetal development
- Induce development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
- Create anabolic effects
- Promote spermatogenesis and maturation of sperm
Main actions of testosterone
127
Characterized by:
- Androgen deficiency
Clinical features vary whether spermatogenesis or testosterone secretion is altered
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Decreased libido
Primary (testicular failure)
Secondary (failure to stimulate testes via gonadotropins)
Tertiary (Lack of stimulus to secrete gonadotropins)
Hypogonadism
128
This involves the shunting of blood into the corpus cavernosum
Controlled by:
- Sympathetic system
- Parasympathetic system
- Nonsympathetic- nonparasympathetic systems
Erection
129
This is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
- Spinal cord reflexes
- L1 and L2
- Emission causes the sperm to move from the epididymis to the urethra
- Efferent impulses from the spinal cord produce contraction of smooth muscle in the vas deferens and ampulla
Emission/Ejaculation
130
Which system diseases affect potency?
- Cardiovascular
- Respiratory
- Hormonal
- Neurologic and hematologic
131
The termination of the urethra is on the ventral surface of the penis
Categorized as glandular (involving the glans penis), penile, or perineoscrotal
Hypospadias
132
The opening of the urethra is on the dorsal surface of the penis
Epispadias
133
One or both testes do not descend from the abdomen to the scrotum
- 3% incidence at term, 30% incidence pre-term
- 80% will descend by 3 months of age
- Increased risk of testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism
134
This type of cryptorchidism is characterized by the testicle moving between the abdomen and scrotum
Retractile testicle
135
This type of cryptorchidism is characterized by the testicle moving back into the abdomen after descending - acquired
Ascending testicle
136
The inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse
Psychogenic causes:
- Performance anxiety
- A strained relationship with a sexual partner
- Depression
- Overt psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia
Organic causes:
- Neurogenic
- Hormonal
- Vascular
- Drug-induced
- Penile-related etiologies
Erectile dysfunction
137
Non-sexual, prolonged erection lasting more than 4 hours
Effects 5-10 year olds, 20-50 year olds
Causes:
- Sickle cell anemia (sickle cells clotting)
- Medications (phosphodiesterase inhibitors): erectile dysfunction medications are most common
- Leukemia
- Trauma
- Tumors
- Diabetes
- Spinal cord injuries
- Drug use
Priapism
138
Treatment of a priapism that lasts 0-2 hours
Home; encourage patient to urinate, increase fluid intake, exercise, and take oral analgesics
139
Treatment of a priapism that lasts 2-4 hours
Emergency department: IV hydration and IV analgesics; may also give anxiolytics (lorazepam, midazolam, or hydroxyzine) or oxygen if needed
140
Treatment of a priapism that lasts 4-12 hours
Intracavernosal aspiration of blood and instillation of phenylephrine or epinephrine with local anesthesia; repeat as needed.
Continue IV hydration, analgesics, anxiolytics, and oxygen
141
Treatment of a priapism that lasts more than 12 hours
Surgical consult for shunt placement
142
Tightening of the foreskin that prevents it from retracting over the glans
Phimosis
143
Foreskin tight under the glans and will not cover
Paraphimosis
144
Accumulation of fluid along outside layer of testes
Hydrocele
145
Sperm-containing cyst between testis and epididymis
Spermatocele
146
Dilated vein in spermatic cord
When palpated, feels like bag of worms
Varicocele
147
Considered a reproductive emergency
Occurs when the testis twist, compressing blood vessels and spermatic cord
Etiology: trauma, exercise, sudden movement
Manifestations: Severe pain, nausea, hematospermia, testicular mass
Diagnosis: absent Cremasteric Reflex (scrotum contraction), doppler, US
Treatment: Resolve (spontaneous or surgically) within 6 hours
Testicular Torsion
148
Inflammation of the prostate caused by bacteria, sperm, trauma, stress, or catheterization
Prostatitis
149
Inflammation of the epididymis
Caused by STIs in younger people
Caused by UTI bacteria in older people
Epididymitis
150
Candidia infection of the glans (yeast)
Balanitis
151
Necrotizing fasciitis of the soft tissue of male genitalia
- Rare, bacterial infection
- Trauma often leads to vector for bacteria
- DM increases risk
Fournier's Gangrene
152
Acute infection of the prostate that results in pelvic pain and urinary tract symptoms (10% of all prostatitis cases)
Symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary retention, and systemic infection syndrome (fever, chills, N/V, malaise)
Tx: antibiotics, bed rest, hydration, anti-pyretics, analgesics, stool softeners
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
153
5% of patients will transition from acute to this
Symptoms include UTI-like symptoms without systemic infection symptoms
Treatment is difficult; diagnosed through urinalysis and prostatic fluid specimen (+ leukocytes)
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
154
Prostate enlarged but not cancerous
Risk factors: age, most common diseases of aging men (75% of men 80 or older will have), family history, diabetes, obesity
Diagnosis: symptoms, digital rectal exam, (PSA) Prostate-specific antigen blood test (also used to screen for prostate cancer), urinalysis
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
155
What are the internal female reproductive organs?
- Vagina
- Uterus and cervix
- Fallopian tubes
- Ovaries
156
The portion of the uterus about the insertion of the fallopian tubes
Fundus
157
The lower, constricted part of the uterus
Cervix
158
The portion of the uterus between the fundus and the cervix
Body of the cervix
159
Outer serous covering of the uterus; merges with the peritoneum that covers the broad ligaments
Perimetrium
160
The middle muscle layer that forms the major portion of the uterine tissue
Myometrium
161
This layer of the uterus is continuous with the lining of the fallopian tubes and vagina; made up of a basal and a superficial layer
Endometrium
162
- Begins at menarche and continues until menopause
- Includes the maturation and release of oocytes from the ovary during ovulation
- Involves periodic vaginal bleeding resulting from the shedding of the endometrial lining
Menstrual cycle
163
- Rhythmic synthesis and release of ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
Under feedback control from:
- the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- the anterior pituitary gonadotropic follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones
Control of the menstrual cycle
164
- Promote growth of ovarian follicles
- Alter cervical secretions to favor sperm
- Promote motility of sperm
- Promote development of endometrial lining in pregnancy
- Proliferate and cornify vaginal mucosa
- Increase mucus consistency
- Stimulate stromal development and ductal growth
Actions of Estrogen on the Reproductive Process
165
What are the general metabolic effects of estrogen?
- Decreases rate of bone resorption
- Increases production of thyroid and other binding globulins
- Increases high-density and slightly decrease low-density lipoproteins
166
Characterized by:
- Vaginal dryness
- Urinary stress incontinence
- Urgency
- Nocturia
- Vaginitis
- UTI
- Diminished levels of estrogen (subcutaneous fat decrease, skin elasticity, body hair)
- Vasomotor instability (hot flashes)
- Osteoporosis
- Cardiovascular disease
Menopause and Urogenital Atrophy
167
What is the composition of the breast?
- Fat
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Glandular tissue
168
What is the function of the breast?
- Route of descent of milk and breast secretions
- From alveoli to duct
- To intralobar duct
- To lactiferous duct and reservoir
- To nipple
169
What are the factors that affect variations in breast shape?
- Hormonal
- Genetic
- Nutritional
- Endocrine
- Muscle tone
- Age
- Pregnancy
170
- Mutilation of female genitalia where some portions of external genitalia are removed
- Practiced in some cultures in some areas of Africa
Female Genital Mutilation
171
Absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea
172
Scanty menstruation
Hypomenorrhea
173
Infrequent menstruation
Oligomenorrhea (term not often used now)
174
Frequent menstruation
Polymenorrhea
175
Excessive menstruation
Menorrhagia (term not often used now)
176
Bleeding between periods
Metrorrhagia
177
Heavy bleeding during and between menstrual periods
Menometrorrhagia
178
Painful menses
Dysmenorrhea
179
Too much, too often, irregular bleeding (ex. bleeding post menopause)
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
180
This gland can have a fluid backup due to a blocked duct causing a cyst - a word catheter is used to allow drainage
Bartholin gland cyst
181
This type of vaginal wall prolapse is characterized by the bladder protruding into the anterior wall of the vagina
Cystocele
182
This type of vaginal wall prolapse occurs when the urethra is involved
Urethrocele
183
This type of vaginal wall prolapse is characterized by the rectum protruding through the posterior wall of the vagina
Rectocele
184
This occurs when the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch an weaken, providing inadequate support for the uterus. The uterus then descends into the vaginal canal
Uterine prolapse
185
Endometrium begins growing in areas outside the uterus
- This tissue acts as it normally does (thickening, breaking down, bleeding)
- Blood becomes trapped and irritates the surrounding tissues
- Most commonly in fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneum
Manifestations: Pain, cysts, scarring and adhesions, infertility
Treatment: Analgesics, hormone therapy, surgical repair
Endometriosis
186
Growth on uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, other material
Etiology: Unknown - could possibly be genetic, hormone levels, micronutrients, major stressors
Manifestations: dysmenorrhea, AUB, pain in pelvis/low back/legs, abdominal distension, urinary frequency and retention, dyspareunia
Leiomyomas (Uterine fibroids)
187
Fluid filled growth on ovary (simple forms of these are often part of the ovarian cycle and cause little concern)
Ovarian cysts
188
Multiple cysts (metabolic pathology)
- Associated with hormone and endocrine abnormalities
- May be associated with obesity, infertility metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, fatty liver disease
Manifestations:
- AUB
- Amenorrhea
- Symptoms of androgen excess
Treatment:
- Hormone treatment
- Managing endocrine and other associated symptoms
- Surgery
- Weight control
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
189
An inflammation of the upper reproductive tract that involves:
- the uterus (endometritis)
- the fallopian tubes (salpingitis)
-the ovaries (oophoritis)
A polymicrobial infection; cause varies by geographic location and population
Diagnosis is difficult because of the wide variation and non-specific nature of symptoms and signs
Many women have subtle or mild symptoms and a diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings - delay in diagnosis and treatment can contribute to inflammatory sequelae in the upper reproductive tract
PID
190
What are the factors predisposing women to the development of PID?
- An age of 16 to 24 years
- Unmarried status
- Nulliparity
- History of multiple sexual partners
- Previous history of PID
191
What are the factors predisposing women to the development of an ectopic pregnancy?
- PID
- Therapeutic abortion
- Tubal ligation or tubal reversal
- Previous ectopic pregnancy
- Intrauterine exposure to DES (an estrogen)
- Infertility
- Use of fertility drugs to induce ovulation
192
Secretion of breast milk in nonlactating breast
Galactorrhea
193
Infection or Inflammation of the breast tissue
Keep breastfeeding if tolerable - or encourage pumping
Treatment: antibiotics
Supportive care: heat/cold application, supportive bra, adequate milk expression
Mastitis
194
Grayish-green nipple discharge
Ductal disorder
195
Firm, rubbery, sharply defined round mass
Fibroadenoma
196
Nodular granular breast mass
Fibrocystic
197
Mass, puckering, nipple retraction or unusual discharge - originates in glandular breast cells of ducts or lobules
Initially tumor moves freely; more advanced becomes fixed
Most common malignancy in women, 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women
Risk factors: genetics, advancing age, early menarche, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity
Treatment: early detection (mammograms, self exams), lumpectomy, chemo, radiation
Breast cancer
198
Inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
Assistive technologies: in vitro fertilization, gamete donors, gamete/zygote intrafallopian transfer
Infertility
199
What are the causes of infertility?
- One third of cases can be attributed to male factors
- One third of cases can be attributed to female factors
- One third of cases are caused by a combination of factors in both partners
