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BECOM II Exam 4 > Reproductive Histology/Development > Flashcards

Reproductive Histology/Development Flashcards

1
Q

function of testis

A

produce androgens (testosterone) and gametes (spermatozoa)

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2
Q

function of excurrent ducts (epididymis, ductus/vas deferens)

A

maturation of sperm and transport to prostatic urethra

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3
Q

layers of testis

A
  • albuginea = outer
  • vasculosa = inner
  • septa = separate seminiferous tubules
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4
Q

what enters/exits the mediastinum of testis?

A
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatics
  • rete testis
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5
Q

pathway of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules –> tubuli recti (straight) –> rete testis –> efferent ductules/epididymis –> vas deferens

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6
Q

Leydig cells

A
  • found in testicular interstitium
  • produce testosterone (male development)
  • euchromatic cells - active, pale
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7
Q

function of testosterone

A
  • male development
  • development of sperm in seminiferous tubules
  • regulated by LH (receptors on leydig cells)
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8
Q

layers of seminiferous tubules

A
  • lamina propria (fibroblasts, collagen)

- seminiferous epithelium (sertoli, spermatogenic)

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9
Q

Sertoli cells

A
  • irregular euchromatic nucleus
  • junctional complexes and cell junctions
  • nourish and help move germ cells
  • structural support via cytoskeleton - divides epithelium into basal (immature) and adluminal (mature) compartments
  • ABP, inhibin, phagocytose ability
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10
Q

tight (occluding junctions in Sertoli cells)

A
  • no fluid passage
  • disassemble and reassemble to maintain structure but allow movement
  • blood-testis barrier –> immune privileged site
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11
Q

what happens with damage to tight junctions?

A

immune cells enter –> mount a response against the sperm

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12
Q

role of antigen binding protein

A
  • produced by Sertoli cells
  • binds testosterone in seminiferous tubules for spermatogenic cells
  • FSH dependent
  • maintains or increases levels of testosterone if needed
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13
Q

role of inhibin

A

-inhibits FSH release when having excess testosterone

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14
Q

spermatogonia

A

immature germ cells

-heterochromatin

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15
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia –> 1,2 spermatocytes –> spermatids –> spermatozoa

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16
Q

what cells divide by mitosis?

A

spermatogonia

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17
Q

what cells divide by meiosis?

A

primary and secondary spermatocytes

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18
Q

type A dark spermatogonia

A
  • mitosis
  • dark, ovoid nucleus
  • precursors - produce clones
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19
Q

type B pale spermatogonia

A
  • mitosis
  • pale, euchromatic ovoid nucleus
  • produce type B cells
  • cytoplasmic bridges for synchronous development when differentiating
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20
Q

type B spermatogonia

A
  • formed from type A pale
  • round nucleus
  • most mature
  • differentiate into spermatocytes
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21
Q

primary spermatocytes

A
  • meiosis I (22 days), large cells

- why there are most abundant in histo slide

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22
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

-meiosis II (fast), small cells

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23
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids –> spermatazoa

  1. Golgi phase
  2. cap phase
  3. acrosome phase
  4. maturation phase
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24
Q

hydrolytic enzymes

A
  • formed from proacrosomal granules

- allows sperm to penetrate ovum

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25
Q

function of axoneme

A
  • formed from centrioles

- forms flagellum core - dynein arms use ATP to propel sperm

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26
Q

function of acrosomal cap

A

attaches to nuclear envelope

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27
Q

what is manchette?

A
  • sheath on posterior part of nucleus

- helps elongate spermatid

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28
Q

function of pampiniform plexus

A
  • rich in veins and surround the testicular artery
  • counter-current heat exchanger
  • maintains proper temp in testis for sperm development
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29
Q

cryptochordism

A
  • undescended testis
  • temp. in abdomen too high –> cannot make sperm
  • bilateral undescended testis –> serile
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30
Q

mediastinum

A
  • connective tissue that contains rete testis

- posterior side of testis

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31
Q

seminiferous tubules

A
  • sperm development

- Sertoli cells

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32
Q

tubuli recti (straight tubules)

A

-transition to simple cuboidal epith.

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33
Q

rete testis

A
  • found w/I mediastinum

- simple cuboidal epith.

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34
Q

efferent ductules

A
  • coiled
  • connect rete testis to epididymis
  • thin muscle
  • ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epith. (saw tooth)
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35
Q

ductus/vas deferens

A
  • folded mucosa, thick muscle, adventitia

- pseudostratified columnar (microvilli)

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36
Q

when does sperm become motile?

A

when reaching the epididymis

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37
Q

prostate

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epith.
  • tubuloalveolar glands
  • corpora amylacea - calcified concretions
  • transitional and peripheral zone
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38
Q

seminal glands

A
  • viscous fluid containing sugar (fructose) and prostaglandins –> nourish sperm
  • tortuous
  • mucosa, muscularis, fibrous coat
  • pseudostratified columnar or cuboidal epith.
  • smooth muscle contraction during ejaculation brings fluid into ejaculatory duct and prostatic urethra
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39
Q

ductus epididymis

A
  • basal cells (stem)

- principle cells (absorption, sperm maturation & motility)

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40
Q

ductus epididymis

A
  • basal cells (stem)
  • principle cells (absorption, sperm maturation & motility)
  • stereocilia (better absorption)
  • pseudostratified epith.
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41
Q

ductus epididymis

A
  • basal cells (stem)
  • principle cells (absorption, sperm maturation & motility)
  • stereocilia (better absorption)
  • pseudostratified epith.
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42
Q

transitional zone of prostate

A

mucosal glands

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43
Q

transitional zone of prostate

A
  • mucosal glands

- anterior and middle lobes

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44
Q

peripheral zone of prostate

A
  • 70%
  • main prostatic glands
  • posterior and lateral lobes
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45
Q

peripheral zone of prostate

A
  • 70%
  • main prostatic glands
  • posterior and lateral lobes
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46
Q

what regulates prostate secretions?

A

testosterone levels

  • high test –> high secretions
  • low test –> low secretions
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47
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A
  • associated with transitional zone (mucosal glands increased)
  • compression of urethra –> micturition and urine retention problems
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48
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma

A
  • associated with peripheral zone

- advanced when signs are noticed - takes longer to compress prostatic urethra

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49
Q

bulbourethral “Cowper’s” glands

A
  • lubricating function - mucous glands

- open into penile urethra

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50
Q

corpora cavernosa & corpus spongiosum

A

-vascular spaces with smooth muscle that run the length of the penis

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51
Q

what arteries are found in corpora cavernosa?

A

-central arteries

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52
Q

what is found in the corpus spongiosum?

A
  • penile urethra with mucous glands (Littre)

- also helps form the glans penis

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53
Q

role of tunica albuginea

A
  • fibroelastic
  • holds penis together during erections
  • surrounds both cavernosa and spongiosum
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54
Q

blood supply to penis

A
  • dorsal artery
  • urethral arteries
  • artery of the bulb
  • deep arteries (nutritive and helicine)
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55
Q

broad ligament

A

folds of peritoneum that cover pelvic viscera

  • mesosalpinx
  • mesovarium
  • mesometrium
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56
Q

follicles

A

composed of an oocyte surrounded by one or more epithelial cells
-found w/I cortex

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57
Q

primordial follicle

A
  • earliest stage of follicle development
  • only ones before puberty
  • primary oocyte and squamous cell
58
Q

what is released for follicular growth of primordial follicles?

A

FSH

59
Q

cuboidal (unilaminar) and stratified (multi-laminar) epithelium

A

-occurs when primordial follicle proliferates after being stimulated by FSH

60
Q

what do stromal cells surrounding epithelium differentiate into?

A

theca folliculi

  • interna –> steroid production
  • externa –> smooth muscle to expel oocyte
61
Q

unilaminar follicles

A
  • single cuboidal cells
  • zona pellucida (glycoproteins) b/w oocyte and follicle
  • ZP2,3 –> binding of sperm; release of acrosome enzymes
  • ZP1 –> cross-link remaining ZP2,3 to prevent further binding of sperm
62
Q

function of ovastacin

A

break down ZP2 to prevent further binding of sperm if fertilization occurs

63
Q

multilaminar follicles

A
  • proliferation of follicular cells surrounding oocyte due to activin
  • activin = release of FSH and binding to receptors
  • growth factors (BMP-15, GDF-9) proliferate follicular cells forming granulosa cells
  • theca folliculi begin to form
64
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome

A
  • enlarged ovaries with cysts
  • increased androgens
  • irregular periods
  • common cause of infertility
  • causes: excess insulin, low grade inflammation, hereditary
  • treat: weight loss, birth control pills
65
Q

secondary follicles

A
  • follicles contain fluid filled cavities to form antrum

- theca interna (secrete androstenedione) and externa (fibroblasts and smooth muscle) are developed

66
Q

aromatase

A

convert androstenedione to estradiol in the granulosa cells

  • androstenedione from the theca interna
  • estrogen returns to theca and storm to enter bloodstream
67
Q

mature Graafian follicles

A
  • larger than secondary follicle
  • oocyte displaced to one side, larger antrum
  • contain corona radiata (layers of follicles around oocyte)
68
Q

ovulation

A

rupture of mature/Graafian follicle and release of ovum

  • controlled by LH (release of oocyte)
  • oocyte, corona radiata, follicular fluid expelled
69
Q

function of corpus luteum

A

remnant of follicle

  • produces progesterone, inhibin, and estrogen for negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary
  • no fertilization –> forms corpus albicans (scar tissue)
70
Q

follicular (functional) cysts

A

produced by late primary or antral follicles

  • high estrogen levels and menstrual irregularities
  • disrupt blood vessels –> hemorrhagic cysts
71
Q

atresia

A

degenerative process of ovarian follicles

  • death of granulosa cells, loss of corona radiata, oocyte floating freely in antrum
  • degeneration by dominant follicle releasing inhibin after ovulation shutting down FSH production
72
Q

corpus luteum

A

residual/remnant of dominant follicle after ovulation

  • formation is LH dependent
  • formed from granulosa and theca cells undergoing luteinization to become lutein cells
  • fertilization –> predominant source of steroids
  • no fertilization –> regress to corpus albicans (scar tissue)
73
Q

2 types of lutein cells in corpus luteum

A
  1. granulosa lutein
    - secrete progesterone and estradiol by FSH, LH stimulation
    - lack enzymes for estradiol synthesis - theca lutein cells provide androstenedione to convert to estradiol in granulosa
  2. theca lutein
    - secrete progesterone and androstenedione by LH stimulation
74
Q

role of progesterone

A

maintain endometrium of uterus (secretory/luteal phase)

-action blocked by mifepristone

75
Q

uterine tubes

A
  • site of fertilization
  • travel of preimplanted embryo to uterus
  • luminal folds decrease as you move towards uterus
    layers:
    1. infundibulum = opening near ovary; fimbriae capture oocyte
    2. ampulla = largest; where fertilization occurs
    3. isthmus = narrow; b/w ampulla and isthmus
    4. intramural = contained w/I uterine wall
76
Q

histologic layers of uterine tube

A
  1. mucosa = epithelium + lamina propria
    - secretory (principle) cells = conciliated; nutrients for nourishment
    - ciliated cells = cilia move embryo towards uterus
  2. muscularis = smooth muscle; peristalsis contractions
  3. serosa = simple squamous
77
Q

Salpingitis

A

bacterial infection (neisseria gonorrhea or chlamydia)

  • result of STIs
  • scaring of uterine tube –> ectopic pregnancy
  • epith. surrounded by neutrophils
78
Q

3 regions of uterus

A
  1. body - below entrance of uterine tube
  2. fundus - above entrance
  3. cervix - inferior; enters vagina; associated w/ cancer
79
Q

3 layers of uterine wall

A
  1. endometrium - simple columnar; endometrial glands
    - basal layer = regenerates functional layer during menstrual cycle; never degenerates
    - functional layer = changes during menstrual cycle; does degenerate
  2. Myometrium = smooth muscle; contraction by oxytocin and PGE
    - contains statum vasculare = blood supply to endometrium
  3. Perimetrium = connective tissue
80
Q

menstrual phase (days 1-4)

A
  • necrosis and shedding of functional layer of endometrium

- rupture of spiral arterioles causing hemorrhage –> lose glands, stroma, blood vessels

81
Q

proliferative (follicular) phase (days 4-15)

A
  • regeneration of functional layer
  • controlled by estrogen from granulosa cells of secondary and Graafian follicle
  • straight endometrial glands and stroma**
82
Q

ovulatory phase (days 14-16)

A
  • ovulation of secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis II

- peak levels of LH (LH surge) caused by estrogen

83
Q

secretory (luteal) phase (days 15-25)

A
  • secretion by endometrial glands (ready for implantation)
  • controlled by progesterone from granulosa lutein cells of corpus luteum
  • tortuous (convoluted) glands filled with secretions
  • where leftover follicle gives rise to corpus luteum
84
Q

premenstrual phase (days 25-28)

A

starting over

  • ischemia induced
  • reduce progesterone and estrogen bc no fertilization occurred –> form corpus albicans
85
Q

Endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue outside uterus

  • infertility, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain
  • gunpowder mark lesions
  • blood-filled (chocolate) cysts on ovaries
86
Q

Leiomyomas

A

fibroids, benign tumors w/I myometrium

  • subserosal, intramural, submucosal
  • protrude on uterus or enter cavity
87
Q

cervix

A
  • supravaginal (above vagina) and vaginal (protrude into vagina) portions
  • ectocerix = speculum –> PAP smear; stratified squamous, nonkeratinized
  • endocervix = contains external/internal os (openings of cervical canal); simple columnar, keratinized; site for cervical cancer in transition zone
88
Q

histology of cervix

A
  • simple columnar; mucous secreting cervical glands
  • epith. and glands not affected by menstrual cycle
  • watery mucous in proliferative phase –> sperm travel
  • viscous mucous in secretory phase –> block sperm
89
Q

what does relaxin due during childbirth?

A

softens the cervical connective tissue

-produced by placenta and ovary

90
Q

cervical carcinoma

A

common; associated with HPV

  • originates from stratified squamous, non-keratinized epithelium (transition zone)
  • in situ = stays localized, no travel
  • invasive = metastasize
  • exfoliate cytology = Pap smear to look at abnormal cells
91
Q

vaginal layers

A
  1. mucosa
    - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epith. & lamina prop.
    - superficial layer exfoliation during menstrual cycle
    - accumulate glycogen due to estrogen –> acidic vagina by lactic acid –> prevents invasion of bacteria/fungi
  2. muscularis
    - smooth muscle; elastic fibers to give vagina distensibility
  3. adventitia - connective tissue
92
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammation of vagina –> discharge, pain

  1. trichomonas vaginalis = sexually transmitted protozoa,, strawberry mucosa, odorous white discharge
  2. candida albican = fungus (yeast), cottage cheese discharge
  3. gardnerella vaginalis = high levels of bacteria, fish smell discharge
93
Q

breast tissue

A
  • suspensory (Cooper) ligament
  • adipose tissue
  • mammary glands
  • develop ducts and alveoli w/ pregnancy
94
Q

nipple

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epith.
  • contract smooth muscle –> milk ejection
  • dermal papillae –> capillaries giving it pink color
  • becomes darker during puberty
95
Q

areola

A
  • sebaceous glands (Montgomery tubercles)
  • darker color during puberty
  • sensory innervation (sucking) - ejection of milk by oxytocin
96
Q

mammary gland

A
  • made up of tubuloalveolar glands

- alveoli –> lactiferous ducts –> lactiferous sinus (milk reservoir)

97
Q

prepuberty and puberty breasts

A
  • duct system embedded in fibrocollagenous tissue
  • downgrowths develop forming ducts, no alveoli or lobules present
  • proliferation of fat cells by estrogen –> increase size
98
Q

mammary glans, non pregnant

A
  • small ducts, few lobules (contain alveoli that make secretions)
  • connective tissue and fat
99
Q

breast during pregnancy

A
  • more lobules, less connective tissue
  • growth of duct system by progesterone & estrogen
  • alveoli secrete colostrum
100
Q

breasts during lactation

A
  • alveoli –> milk production
  • oxytocin –> milk ejection
  • prolactin inhibiting hormone, dopamine –> inhibited and cause release of PRL
101
Q

breast cancer

A
  • invasive ductal carcinoma = most common; damage mammary gland ducts and surrounding tissue
  • ductal carcinoma in situ = noninvasive; only affects mammary gland ducts
102
Q

BRCA1,2 genes

A

human tumor suppressor cells - mostly in breast cells

  • force cells into apoptosis if DNA is damaged
  • mutations –> susceptible to breast, prostate, ovarian cancer
103
Q

where do primordial germ cells originate?

A

umbilical vesicle

  • migrate to gonadal ridge 5th week
  • become gonadal ridge forming sperm or egg
104
Q

gonadal cords

A

invaginate into the mesonephros forming medulla for later germ cell entry

105
Q

what does the Cortex of gonadal ridge form?

A

testes

106
Q

what does the medulla of gonadal ridge form?

A

ovary

107
Q

when does differentiation b/w male & female occur?

A

week 7

  • indifferent before that
  • separation from testes or ovary from mesonephros
108
Q

testes determining factor (TDF)

A

signal for gonads to develop into testes

  • in SRY gene on Y chromosome
  • form rete testis and seminiferous tubules
109
Q

Leydig cells

A
  • found w/I in interstitium

- secrete testosterone and androstenedione for male development

110
Q

Sertoli cells

A
  • found w/I seminiferous cords

- secrete AMH to inhibit female development

111
Q

what is the default of gonadal development?

A

female

-when no TDF is present

112
Q

female development

A
  • gonadal cords and rete ovarii degenerate

- form cortical cords which form primordial follicles for oogenesis

113
Q

mesovarium vs. mesorchium

A 
mesovarium = suspend ovaries
mesorchium = suspend testes
114
Q

mesonephric (wolffian) duct

A

male development

115
Q

paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

A

female development

-fusion forms uterovaginal primordium which forms sinus tubercle when reaching urogenital sinus

116
Q

AMH hormone

A

causes paramesonephric duct regression –> no female development
-released from Sertoli cells in testes

117
Q

mesonephric duct in males

A
  • proximal –> epididymis
  • tubular portion –> efferent ductules
  • distal –> vas deferens (some smooth muscle)
118
Q

what forms the ejactulatory duct in males?

A

connection b/w seminal gland and vas deferens

119
Q

what male structure is formed from urogenital sinus?

A

bulbourethral gland

120
Q

layers of prostate

A
  1. prostatic urethra (urogenital sinus origin)
    - outgrowths form prostate gland
  2. surrounding mesenchyme
    - form stroma and smooth muscle
121
Q

female development

A
  • paramesonephric duct
  • no AMH or TDF (hormonal signaling)
  • cranial –> uterine tube
  • uterovaginal primordium –> forms uterus
122
Q

sinus tubercle

A

formed from contact b/w uterovaginal primordium and urogenital sinus
-form sinovaginal bulb –> vaginal plate –> vagina

123
Q

genital tubercle

A

formed from the primordial fallus

-form penis or clitoris

124
Q

labioscrotal swellings

A

form labia major in females or scrotum in males

125
Q

male external genitalia

A
  • closure of urethral folds –> spongy urethra
  • ectodermal cord forms in glans penis
  • fusion of ectodermal cord + spongy urethra –> full urethra
  • mesenchyme –> erectile tissue (cavernosa, spongiosum)
126
Q

female external genitalia

A
  • no fusion of urethral folds –> labia minora

- unfused labioscrotal swellings –> labia majora

127
Q

inguinal canal

A
  • allows relocation of testes

- both genders

128
Q

gubernaculum

A

ligament that attaches to gonad and labioscrotal swelling

  • moves testes or ovary inferiorly
  • formed as meso/paramesonephros degerates
  • upper portion (female) –> ovarian ligament
  • lower portion (female) –> round ligament
129
Q

processus vaginalis

A
  • invaginates peritoneum

- push other layers aside to make room for gonad

130
Q

2 phases of testicular descent

A
  1. trans abdominal movement (b/w 10 & 26 weeks)
    - abdomen elongates away from pelvis
  2. inguinoscrotal movement (begins 26 week)
    - hormonally controlled
131
Q

what happens if fusion of paramesonephric duct fails?

A

double uterus

-double vagina

132
Q

failed fusion at superior end of paramesonephric duct?

A

bicornuate uterus

-rudimentary horn from slow development of one paramesonephric duct

133
Q

normal externally, but has a thin septum internally?

A

divided uterus

134
Q

what happens if one paramesonephric duct fails to develop?

A

unicornuate uterus

135
Q

hypospadias

A

external urethral orifice on ventral side

  • glanular (most common) = ventral side of glans penis
  • penile = ventral side of penis
  • penoscrotal = junction of penis and scrotum
  • perineal = labioscrotal swellings do not fuse, external urethral orifice b/w unfused halves
136
Q

hyperspadias

A

external urethral orifice on dorsal side

137
Q

result if proximal portion of processes vaginalis persists?

A

incomplete congenital inguinal hernia

138
Q

result if entire processes vaginalis persists?

A

complete congenital inguinal hernia

139
Q

result if middle processes vaginalis remains and contains fluid?

A

hydrocele of spermatic cord

140
Q

result if entire processus vaginalis remains and contains fluid?

A

scrotal hydrocele

141
Q

cryptorchidism

A
  • hidden testes
  • failure to descend
  • can lead to infertility

BECOM II Exam 4 (10 decks)

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