Reproductive Physiology

Question 1

What are the male gonads and where are they located?

Question 2

What is the function of the male gonads?

Question 3

What are the associated reproductive tracts and accessory sex glands? What is the function of these accessory glands?

Question 4

what are the different cell types of the male gonads? functions?

Question 5

androgens

Question 6

general properties of androgens

Question 7

what are androgens made from

Question 8

hormones prodcued by the testes, which cells produce them, action and regulation

Question 9

what are the functions of the cells of the testes

ie sertoli cells, leydig

Question 10

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: gonadotropins-where they are released, cells of the testes-what they release, and levels of regulation.

Question 11

what is sprematogenisis and where does it happen?

Question 12

steps involved in spermatogenisis, what are the gametes called as they progress through spermatogenisis

Question 13

how is spermatogenisis regulated

Question 14

what is important about spermatogenisis apart from producing mature sperm?

ie how is the pool replenished? how many sperm are produced?

Question 15

What is spermiogenesis

Question 16

what are stages of the male sexual response

Answer 16

• erection
• emission
• ejaculation

Question 17

how is the male sexual response regulated? what is the role of the ANS in the male sexual response?

Question 18

What is capacitation and the acrosome reaction

Question 19

what is the female gonad? structures associated with the gonads

Question 20

function of uterus

Question 21

what are the different structures of the uterus

Question 22

what are the different structures found in an ovary

Question 23

what cell types are present in an ovarian follicle? what is their function? different stages of the ovarian follicle

Question 24

why is the ovary considered to be an endocrine gland? In what whats are they similar to the testes?

Question 25

oogenisis - similarities + differences from spermatogenisis

Question 26

what is ovulation, when does it occur?

Question 27

what is the hormonal mechanism by which ovulation is regulated?

Question 28

which hormones are made by the ovaries? where are they made?

Question 29

time cycle of the ovarian hormones & pattern of secretion

Question 30

general properties of the ovarian hormones, mechanism of action and their physiological functions?

Question 31

how are the ovarian hormones regulated?

Question 32

what is the menstrual cycle? what is the duration of the cycle?

Question 33

What are the different phases of the menstrual cycle?

Question 34

How are the phases of the menstrual cycle linked to hormonal levels that control the the cycle and the different changes that occur in the ovary?

Question 35

Site of fertilization and steps involved

Question 36

why and how is polyspermy blocked

Question 37

what happens to the fertilized egg a few days after fertilization

Question 38

implantation and steps involved? what is a blastocyst and how does it develop?

Answer 38

ie the outer cell layer is the trophoblast and becomes fetal placenta; inner cell mass becomes embryo

Question 39

placenta and it's major functions? name hormones it secretes

Question 40

how does the mother's body, the placenta and the fetus work together to make hormones

Question 41

parturition

Question 42

positive-feedback loop in partuition and important hormones

Question 43

hormones involved in breast development before and after puberty

Question 44

structure of the aveoli

Question 45

hormone that helps in milk synthesis, hormone that controls "let down" reponse and how does it work?

Answer 45

suckling reflex

Question 46

genetic, gonadal and genital sex

Question 47

how is the male and female sex determined at the time of conception?

Question 48

sexual differentiation in males and females

Answer 48

mullerian and wolffian ducts

Question 49

anomalies witnessed during genetic sex determination and sexual differentiation

Question 50

activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis during puberty

Question 51

What is menopause? What are the hormonal changes associated with menopause

Question 52

What is andropause?