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A & P final > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

what are the functions of the reproductive system

A 
gamete production 
storage
nourishment
transport
fertilization
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2
Q

what is testosterone secreted by

A

leydig cells

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3
Q

what kind of receptors do sertoli cells have

A

FSH receptors

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4
Q

what do the testes produce? what do they synthesize ?

A

sperm and synthesize testosterone

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5
Q

what do sertoli cells do

A

aromatize testosterone to estrone (estrogen derivative) and produce androgen binding protein (weaker form of estrogen)

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6
Q

what kind of fluid does the prostate produce

A

an alkaline fluid which helps keep sperm alive in the acidic female reproductive tract

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7
Q

what do seminal vesicles produce

A

fructose and prostaglandins

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8
Q

what does fructose nourish

A

sperm

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9
Q

what can prostaglandin trigger

A

minor uterine contractions which increase movement of sperm in the female reproductive tract

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10
Q

how many seminiferous tubles/testicles are there

A

250-1000

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11
Q

how much sperm is produced a day

A

200 million

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12
Q

how much sperm is considered infertile

A

< 2,000,000

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13
Q

what does FSH target and promote

A

targets sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis

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14
Q

what does LH induce

A

induces secretion of testostrone and other androgens by Leydig (interstitial) cells

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15
Q

what does GnRH induce the release of

what is it also known as

A

LHRH

-induces release of FSH and LH

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16
Q

what does testosterone enhance in mena nd women
what does it increase
what does it protect against

A
  • enhances libido in men and women,
  • increases EPO (red blood cell production)
  • protects against osteoporosis
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17
Q

what is testosterone aromatized to

A

estradiol

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18
Q

what is the hypophyseal control of male reproduction

A
  • LH acts on leydig cells and FSH acts on the seminiferous tubules
  • inhibin inhibits FSH secretion in the pituitary
  • ABP (andorgen-binding protein) makes testosterone more water soluble
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19
Q

what are the principle organs of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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20
Q

many primary oocytes die before birth, they stop in what phase until puberty

  • how many are present at birth
  • how many are left at puberty
A

prophase 1
20 milliion
200,000 left by then

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21
Q

the first meiotic division is completed just before ______
what is this called
-halted at what phase until fertilized

A

ovulation
haploid secondary cycle
-halted at metaphase 2 until fertilized

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22
Q

what is the primary follicle in the ovarian cycle

A

pre-antral

-after this point, follicles (2ndary and tertiary) are involved in production of antral fluid which surrounds the oocyte

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23
Q

what cells are involved in the 2ndary follicle cycle

what do they do

A

-many granulosa cells
convert androstenedione to estradiol via an aromatase enzyme
-stromal cells near basement membrane differentiate into theca interna and externa

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24
Q

what does theca interna produce

what does thec externa produce

A

interna: produce the androgen androstenedione, which crosses the basal lamina to get into granulosa cells surrounding the ovum, where it is converted to estradiol by an aromatase enzyme
externa: fibroblasts

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25
what is the tertiary follicle | -what does follicular fluid have a high concentration of
aka graafian follicle the ones that's ovulated -follicular fluid has high concentration of steroid hormones
26
what is menarche
the first cycle of puberty
27
what are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle
1. menses 2. folicular 3. ovulatory 4. luteal
28
how long is the menses cycle | what happens here
5 days | FSH levels rise, stimulated by GnRH
29
how long is the follicular cycle | what hapens here
10-16 days - FSH slowly falls while LH slowly increases - plasma estrogens and some progestins begin to increase as follicles mature before the LH surge and peak on the day of the surge - RISE IN LH IS DUE TO POSITIVE ESTROGEN FEEDBACK
30
how long is the ovulatory phase
24-48 hrs - one day before LH surge and one day after - progesterone cause "thermogenic shift" around time of ovulation
31
how long is the luteal phase and what happens here
relatively constant 14 days | -estradiol levels fall while progesterone levels increase
32
what do estradiol and progesterone influence
cyclic changes in reproductive tract
33
what are the uterine phases of cycle
1. menstrual - sloughing off of entire functional layer of endometrium 2. proliferative - endometrium increases in size and thickness 3. secretory - begins on day of ovulation - glands coil and secrete carbohydrate-rich mucus 4. ischemic: days 27-28 - due to declining estradiol and progesterone
34
what atrophy in menopause | what is there a decrease and increase in
ovaries atrophy w/ few, if any, follicles - decrease in estrogen and concomitant increase in FSH and LH - ratio of estrogens and androgens decrease
35
what is estrone derived from
peripheral conversion of adrenal and ovarian androstenedione by aromatase
36
when the ratio of estrogen to androgens decrease what happens
- relative increase in hair growth - breast atrophy - vaginal dryness - epidermal layer of skin becomes thinner and -less elastic - hot flashes due to loss of vasomotor tone (temporary) - osteoporosis - increased risk of cardiovascular disease
37
what happens in osteoporosis
-estrogen normally antagonizes PTH effects on bone but enhances its effects on kidney, also promotes intestinal absorption of calcium
38
what is osteoporosis mediated by
osteoclastic factors released by T cells, normally suppressed by estorgen
39
why is there an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in menopause
estrogen is a coronary vessel dilator | -there is a loss of protective effects of estrogen
40
where does fertilization occur
ampulla of the oviduct
41
what implants in the uterus
blastocyte
42
what happens during capacitation of sperm
-increased motility and fusion of acrosomal pellet with membrane -occurs when sperm leave inhibitory envirnoment of testes =>acrosomal pellet uncovered
43
what is the acrosome reaction during fertilization | what does it contain
acrosome binds to zona pellucida | -contains hyaluronidase and protease which helps sperm break through granulosa cells
44
what is the fertilized egg called
zygote | -first mitotic division occurs
45
how is polyspermy prevented by
secretion of inhibitory factors by the ovum
46
when does implantation of the blastocyst occur
around day 8 | -fluid filled cavity
47
what do most chemical tests look for during pregnancy | what does this help maintain
the prescence of beta subunit of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in the blood or urine, which can be detected after implantation -helps maintain the corpus luteum and prevent menstruation
48
what is the effect of estrogen during pregnancy | what is it required for
- required for develpment of fetal lungs and liver - stimulates growth of MYOMETRIUM and mammary gland ducts and alveoli - promotes placental breakdown of cortisol, relieving inhibition of fetal cortisol production in preparation for birth
49
what does progesterone do during pregnance
- maintains secretory ENDOMETRIUM - thickens cervical mucous - inhibits maternal immune response to fetus - blocks uterine contraction - inhibits lactation
50
why must patients be tapered off of steroid eyedrops
bc it takes time for natural cortisol production from the adrenal cortex to recover
51
what regulates lactogenesis
prolactin
52
when does lactogenesis begin | what is produced
5th month of gestation - but only colostrum is produced - high in carbohydrates, protein, and antibodies and low in fat - concentrated food for small GI tract - has laxative effect that helps clear bilirubin and prevent jaudice
53
what is milk ejection induced by
oxytocin | -milk letdown reflex
54
what does lactation reduce
- reduces FSH and LH, resulting in lactational amenorrhea - reduced follicle formation why pregnancy is likely during lactation
55
how does oral contraception prevent ovulation
reducing LH and FSH - combination pill consisting of estrogen and progestin - inhibits midcycle gonadotropin surge and prevents ovulation
56
what does oral contraception reduce the risk of? what does it increase?
- reduces risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer - increases risk of venous thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease, particularly for those > 40 and smokers - women who dont smoke have no chance of severe side effects
57
what is RU-486
progesterone receptor blocker -high receptor affinity prevents progesterone from binding to its receptors and thus inhibits the action of circulating progesterone
58
how is RU-486 taken
-single 600 mg dose taken orally in early preg, prior to 7 wks after the onset of the last menses, terminated pregnancy in 85% of cases
59
what is plan B
a progesterone derivative which may prevent preg -2 pills of 0.75 mg progestin levonorgestrel -may prevent or delay ovulation OR interfere w/ fertilization of an egg OR prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus by altering its lining
60
how is plan B different from RU-486
it does not stop development of a fetus once the fertizlied egg implants the uterus will not work if you are already pregnant

A & P final (8 decks)

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