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Maternal > Reproductive & Sexual Health - Taty > Flashcards

Reproductive & Sexual Health - Taty Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive development and change begin at the moment of ______ and continue throughout

A

Conception

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2
Q

Sex of individual is determined by _____________ information supplied by particular ______ and sperm that join to create new life

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

Approximately week ____ of intrauterine life, primitive gonadal tissue is formed

A

Week 5

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4
Q

By week _____ or ___ in chromosomal males, this early gonadal tissue differentiates into primitive testes and begins formation of tertosterone

A

Week 7-8

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5
Q

Organs that makes gametes

A

Gonad

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6
Q

Gonads in males

A

Teste

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7
Q

Gonads in females

A

Ovaries

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8
Q

Gametes are _______ germ cells

A

Haploid

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9
Q

Gametes examples

A

Spermatozoon and egg cells

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10
Q

As early as week ______ oocytes are already formed in ovaries

A

Week 10

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11
Q

Week _____ : influence of __________ penile tissue elongates and urogenital fold on the ventral surface of the penis closes to form urethra

A

12 : testosterone

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12
Q

Week 12 : no testosterone urogenital folds remain open to form __________

A

Labia Minora

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13
Q

What would be formed as scrotal tissue in the male becomes the labia _______ in the female

A

Mijora

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14
Q

____________ development: Secondary sex changes begin

A

Pubertal

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15
Q

Secondary sex changes when stimulated by ___________ synthesizes and releases gonadotropin- releasing hormone ~> triggers Anterior pituitary ~> release _____________

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Luteinizing hormone

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16
Q

Initiate the production of androgen and estrogen ~> initiate secondary sex characteristics , visible signs of maturity

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

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17
Q

Gonadotropin, glycoprotein polypeptide hormone

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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18
Q

Synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropic cells of Anterior pituitary gland , regulates the development, growth , Pubertal Maturation, reproductive process

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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19
Q

Work together in Reproductive System

A

FSH

LH

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20
Q

Made by pituitary gland, small gland located underneath the brain

A

Luteinizing hormone

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21
Q

Plays an important role in sexual development and functioning

A

Luteinizing hormone

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22
Q

Small gland located underneath the brain

A

Pituitary gland

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23
Q

Helps control menstrual cycle

A

Luteinizing hormone

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24
Q

Triggers release of an egg from ovary

A

Luteinizing hormone

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25
Q

Hormones responsible for

  1. muscular development
  2. physical growth
  3. increase in sebaceous gland secretions that causes typical acne in both girls boys
A

Androgen

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26
Q

In males, Androgenic hormones produced by

A
  1. Adrenal Cortex and the

2. Testes

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27
Q

In females, androgenic hormones are produced by

A
  1. Adrenal cortex

2. Ovaries

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28
Q

Androgen are low in males until ________

A

Puberty (12-14)

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29
Q

Development of pubic and axillary hair because of androgen stimulation

A

ADRENARCHE

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30
Q

Puberty, ovarian follicles in Females begin to excrete a high level of the hormone _____________

A

Estrogen

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31
Q

Three compounds of estrogen: single substance in terms of action

A

Estrone
Estradiol
Estriol

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32
Q

Increase in Estrogen in females at puberty influences the development of

A
  1. Uterus
  2. Fallopian tube
  3. Vagina
  4. Typical fat distribution, hair patterns
  5. Breast
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33
Q

Beggining of breast development is termed

A

THELARCHE

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34
Q

7 Secondary sex charct… for females

A
  1. Growth spurt
  2. Increase in transverse diameter of pelvis
  3. Breast development
  4. Growth of pubic hair
  5. Onset of mesntruation
  6. Growth of axillary hair
  7. Vaginal secretions
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35
Q

In boys, production of spermatozoa begin in intrauterine life as production of ova in girls and or produced in cyclic pattern

A

FALSE

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36
Q

In boys, production of spermatozoa are produced in

A

Continuous process

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37
Q

Secondary sex characteristics in boys

A
  1. Increase in weight
  2. Growth of testes
  3. Face, axillary, pubic area
  4. Voice changes
  5. Penile growth
  6. Increase in height
  7. Spermatogenesis
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38
Q

Production of sperm

A

Spermatogenesis

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39
Q

Rugated skin covered , muscular pouch suspended from the perineum

A

Scrotum

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40
Q

Support testes and to help regulate the temperature of sperm

A

Scrotum

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41
Q

Cold weather scrotal muscle __________

A

Contracts

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42
Q

Very hot weather , fever, the muscle __________

A

Relaxes

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43
Q

2 ovoid glands, 2-3 cm Wide that lie in scrotum

A

Testes

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44
Q

Composed of several lobules containing

  1. Interstitial cells ( leydig cells
  2. Seminiferous tubule
A

Testes

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45
Q

Produce spermatozoa

A

Seminiferous tubules

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46
Q

Responsible for the production of testosterone

A

Leydig’s cells

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47
Q

Testes in a fetus first form in

A

Pelvic cavity

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48
Q

Testes descend late in intrauterine life about _______, into scrotal sac

A

34 - 38th week

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49
Q

Testes that remain in pelvic cavity may not produce viable sperm and are associated with a 4-7 times higher incidence of testicular cancer

A

TRUE

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50
Q

Causes pituitary gland in brain to make and secrete hormones LH and FSH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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51
Q

In men Lh and Fsh causes the testicle to make testosterone

A

True

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52
Q

Lh and FSH causes ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone

A

True

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53
Q

Beginning in ________ ___________ , boys need to learn ______ ____ _____ to detect tenderness or any abnormal growth in the testes

A

Early, Adolescence ——- Testicular Self Examination

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54
Q

Tube that carries away sperm from testes

Palpated as a firm swelling on the superior aspect of testes

A

Epididymis

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55
Q

Composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the penis shaft

A

Penis

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56
Q

Two termed the

A

Corpus cavernosa

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57
Q

Third termed the

A

Corpus spongiosum

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58
Q

Outlrt for both urinary and reproductive tracts in men

A

Penis

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59
Q

Contracts trapping both Venous and arterial blood in three sections of erectile tissue and leading to distention and erection of penis

A

Ischeocavernosus muscle

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60
Q

A branch of pudendal artery, provides the blood supply for penis

A

Penile artery

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61
Q

Penile erection is stimulated by

A

Parasympathetic nerve innervation

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62
Q

Distal end of penis bulging, sensitive ridge of tisssue

A

Glans

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63
Q

Retractable casing of skin, protects the nerve sensitive glans at birth

A

Prepuce

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64
Q

Tightly coiled tube which is responsible for conducting sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens, the next step in the passage to outside

A

Epididymis

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65
Q

Epididymis is _____ ft long

A

20

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66
Q

It takes at least __________days for them to travel the length of epididymis and a total of _______days form them to reach maturity

A

12 to 20 days - 64

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67
Q

Carries sperm from epididymis through inguinal canal into abdominal cavity, where it nds at seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts

A

Vas Deferens ( ductus d.)

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68
Q

Severing vas deferens to prevent passage of sperm, popular means of male birth control

A

Vasectomy

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69
Q

Two convoluted pouches lie along the posterior surface of bladder and empty into urethra by way of ejaculatory ducts

A

Seminal vesicles

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70
Q

These glands secrete a viscous alkaline liquid that has a high sugar, protein and prostaglandin content

A

Seminal vesicles

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71
Q

The _______ pass through the prostate gland and join seminal vesicles to the urethra

A

Two ejaculatory ducts

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72
Q

Chestnut sized gland that lies just below the bladder

A

Prostate gland

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73
Q

Urethra passes thru the center of it like hole in a doughnut

Secretes thin alkalibe fluid

A

Prostate gland

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74
Q

Protects sperm from being immobilized by the naturally low ph level of urethra

A

Alkaline fluid

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75
Q

Glands lie beside the prostate gland and empty via short ducts into the urethra

A

Bulbourethral glands

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76
Q

Secrete alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acid secretion of the urethra and ensure the safe passage of spermatozoa

A

Bulbourethral glands

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77
Q

Hollow tube leading to the base of bladder, after passing thru prostate gland , continues to outside thru shaft and glans
Lined w mucous membrane

A

Urethra

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78
Q

Approximately urethra in males is in

A

8inch (18-20cm)

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79
Q

Pad of adipose tissue located over symphysis pubis ,

Covered by triangle of coarse, curly hair

A

Mons veneris

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80
Q

Protect junction of pubic bone from trauma

A

Mons veneris

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81
Q

Hairless folds of connective tissue

A

Labia minora

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82
Q

Before _________these folds are fairly small
By_________ age they are firm and full
After menopause they atrophy and again become much smaller

A

Labia minora:
Menarche

childbearing

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83
Q

Abundant with sebaceous glands so localized sebaceous cys may occur in this area

A

Labia minora

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84
Q

Two folds of adipose tissue covered by loose connective tissue and epithelium that are positioned lateral to the labia minora

A

Labia majora

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85
Q

Covered by pubic hair , serve as protection for external genitalia and distal urethra and vagina

A

Labia majora

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86
Q

Fused anteriorly but separated Posteriorly

A

Labia majora

87
Q

Trauma to labia majora or the area from childbirth rape can lead to

A

Extensive edema formation

88
Q

Flattened, smooth surface inside the labia

Openings to bladder, urethra both arise from the ______

A

Vestibule

89
Q

Small 1-2cm , rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora. Covered by fold os skin, prepuce

A

Clitoris

90
Q

Sensitive to touch and temperature and is the center of sexual arousal and orgasm in a woman

A

Clitoris

91
Q

Glands located just lateral to urinary meatus , their ducts open in urethra

A

2 skene’s glands. (Paraurethral)

92
Q

Located just lateral to vaginal opening on both sides, their ducts open to the distal vagina

A

Bartholin’s glands ( vulvovaginal glands)

93
Q

Is the ridge of tissue formef by the posterior joining of two labia minora and majora

A

Fourchette

94
Q

Structure is sometimes cut during childbirth to enlarge vaginal opening

A

Episiotomy: Fourchette

95
Q

This is a muscular area , it is easily stretched during childbirth to allow for englargement of the vagina and passage of fetal hesd

A

Perineal muscle or perineal body

96
Q

Tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that covers the opening to the vagina in childhood

A

Hymen

97
Q

Often torn during time of first sexual intercourse

A

Hymen

98
Q

Use of tampons and active sports participantion , many girls who have not had sexual relations do not have intact hymen at the time of their first pelvic examination

A

True

99
Q

Blood supply of the external genitalia is mainly from the________ and a portion of the interior rectus artery.

A

pudendal artery

100
Q

Venous return is through

A

Pudendal vein

101
Q

Pressure on this vein by fetal head can cause extensive back-pressure and development of Varicosities in labia majora

A

Pudendal vein

102
Q

This ready blood supply also contributes to rapid healing any tears in area after childbirth

A

Vulvar blood supply

103
Q

Anterior portion of the vulva derives its nerve supply from

A

Ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves

104
Q

Posterior portion of vulva and vagina are supplied by the ———
Makes the area extremely sensitive to touch, pressure pain and temperature

A

Pudendal nerve (s3)

105
Q

Ovaries are approximately ______cm long and _____cm in diameter and approximately ________ cm thick or size shape of almonds

A

4-2 —-1.5cm

106
Q

Grayish white and appear pitted, or with minute indentation on the surface

A

Ovaries

107
Q

Unruptured glistening clear fluid filled graafian follicle

Or miniature yellow corpus luteum often observed here

A

Ovary

108
Q

To produce , mature, and discharge ova. In the process ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone nand initiate and regulate menstrual cycle

A

Ovaries

109
Q

Before puberty: absence of _______ prevents breast from maturing
Pubic hair Asssumes a more male pattern

A

Estrogen

110
Q

After menopause: uterus, breast, ovaries all under go ______ in size ,cause lack of estrogen.

A

atrophy or reduction

111
Q

Used to prescribe for women at menopause to help prevent osteoporosis and cardio disease

A

Estrogen

112
Q

Long term estrogen supplementation may contribute to

A

Breast cancer and cerebrovascular accidents

113
Q

________ have only half the usual number of chromosomes so that when they combine normal number will have 46 chromosomes

A

Reproductive cels

114
Q

Between _________ ova form in uteri
Maturation of oocytes by birth only __________ are present
Age 7 only approximately ________ are present in each ovary
By 22 years approximately _______
Menopause non left

A 
5-7 million
2 million
500,000 thousand in each
300,000 
None
115
Q

Arise from each upper corner of the uterine body and extend outward and backward untill each open at itsdistal end next to ovary

A

Fallopian tube

116
Q

Approximately fallopian tube is _____ cm long in a mature woman

A

10

117
Q

Convey the ovum frpm the ovaries to uterus and provide a place for fertilization of ovum by sperm

A

Fallopian tubes

118
Q

Finger like ciliated projection captures the ovum from the surface of ovary

A

Fimbriae

119
Q

Funnel shape opening near the ovary to which fimbriae are attached

A

Infundibulum

120
Q

Widest section of uterine tubes. Fertilization usually occur

A

Ampulla

121
Q

Narrow section of the uterine tube connecting ampulla to uterine cavity

A

Isthmus

122
Q

Unruptured glistening clear fluid filled

A

graafian follicle

123
Q

miniature yellow ____________ ____________ often observed in ovaries after ovum has been discharged

A

Corpus luteum

124
Q

During childhood, it is approximately the size of an olive, and its proportion are reversed from what they are later

A

Uterus

125
Q

________years of age is an increase in the size of the uterus begins. An adolescent is closer to 17 years old before the uterus reaches its adult size.

A

8 years old

126
Q

Uterus Consists of three divisions:

A

Body or Corpus, Isthmus, and the Cervix.

127
Q

The portion of the uterus between the points of attachments

of the fallopian tubes.

A

Fundus

128
Q

is also the portion that can be palpated abdominally to

determine the amount of uterine growth occurring during pregnancy

A

Fundus

129
Q

Part of uterus Used to measure the force of uterine contractions during labor, and to assess that the uterus is returning to its nonpregnant state after childbirth.

A

Fundus

130
Q

is a short segment between the body and the cervix,

In the nonpregnant uterus, it is only 1-2 mm in length.

A

Isthmus

131
Q

During ____________, this portion also enlarges greatly to aid in accommodating the growing fetus.

It is the portion of the uterus that is most commonly cut when a fetus is born by a cesarean birth.

A

Isthmus

132
Q

The lowest portion of the uterus. It represents approximately 2 to 5 cm long.

A

Cervix

133
Q

opening of the canal at the junction of the cervix and

isthmus

A

internal cervical os

134
Q

Cervix: distal opening to the vagina is the

A

external cervical os.

135
Q

is the one that is important for menstrual function.

: sloughs off during menstruation.

A

Endometrium Layer

136
Q

Endometrium Layer

- It is formed by two layers of cells:

A

Basal Layer

Inner Glandular Layer

137
Q

the layer closest to the uterine wall, remains stable, and uninfluenced by hormones.

A

Basal layer

138
Q

is greatly influenced by both estrogen and progesterone.
- It grows and becomes so thick and responsive each month under the influence of estrogen and progesterone that it is capable of
supporting a pregnancy.

A

Inner Glandular Layer

139
Q

Continuous with the endometrium, is also affected by hormones,
but changes are manifested in a more subtle way.

A

Endocervix

140
Q

The cells of the ____________ secrete mucus to provide a lubricated surface so that spermatozoa can readily pass through the cervix

A

Cervical lining

141
Q

is composed of three interwoven layers of smooth muscles, the fibers of which are arranged in longitudinal, transverse, and oblique directions.

A

Myometrium

142
Q

What layer of uterine and cervical : This network offers extreme strength to the organ.

A

Myometrium

143
Q

The_____________ serves the important function of constricting the tubal junctions and preventing regurgitation of menstrual blood
into the tubes.

A

myometrium

144
Q

It also holds the internal cervical os closed during pregnancy to
prevent preterm birth.

A

Myometrium

145
Q

Myomas, or benign fibroid (leiomyoma), arise from the___________.

A

Myometrium

146
Q

The outermost layer off the uterus, serves the purpose of adding strength and support to the structure.

A

Perimetrium

147
Q

UTERINE AND CERVICAL COATS

A

Endometrum layer
Endocervix
Myometrium
Perimetrium

148
Q

The ____________________divides to form two iliac arteries;

A

large descending abdominal aorta

149
Q

joins the uterine artery as a fail-safe system to ensure that the uterus will have an adequate blood supply.

A

Ovarian artery

150
Q

close anatomic relationship of the_______________________ for the uterus has implications in procedures such as

  1. tubal ligation
  2. cesarean birth,
  3. hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
A

ureters and the blood supply

151
Q

(removal of the uterus),

A

hysterectomy

152
Q

by both efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) nerves.

A

Uterus

153
Q

efferent nerves arise from the__________ spinal ganglia.

A

T5-T10

154
Q

afferent nerves join the hypogastric plexus and enter the spinal
column at

A

T11 and T12.

155
Q

If its ligaments become overstretched during pregnancy, they may not support the bladder well afterward, and the bladder can then herniate into anterior vagina

A

cystocele

156
Q

the rectum pouches into the vaginal wall

A

rectocele

157
Q

oddly shaped “horns” at the junction of the fallopian tubes, termed a

A

bicornuate uterus.

158
Q

condition in which the entire uterus is tipped forward

A

Anteversion

159
Q

a condition in which the entire uterus is tipped backward

A

Retroversion

160
Q

a condition in which the body of the uterus is bent sharply

forward at the junction with the cervix

A

Anteflexion

161
Q

condition in which the body of the uterus is bent sharply back just above the cervix’

A

Retroflexion

162
Q

A hollow, musculomembranous canal located posterior to the bladder and
anterior to the rectum.

A

Vagina

163
Q

circular muscle, the_________, at the external opening of the vagina acts as a voluntary sphincter

A

BULBOCAVERNOSUS

164
Q

Relaxing and tensing this external vaginal sphincter muscle a set number of times each day makes it more supple for birth and helps maintain tone after birth

A

Kegel’s exercise

165
Q

The blood supply to the vagina is furnished by the __________ , a branch of the internal iliac artery

A

Vaginal artery

166
Q

Form from the ectodermic tissue early in utero.

A

Breasts

167
Q

The_________ tissue of the breasts necessary for successful

breastfeeding, remains undeveloped until a first pregnancy begins.

A

Glandular

168
Q

Boys may notice a temporary increase in breast size at puberty, termed

A

GYNECOMASTIA (10-11 years old).

169
Q

Milk glands of the breasts are divided by connective tissue partitions into approximately__________

A

20 lobes

170
Q

Ilk glands: All of the glands in each lobe produce milk by

_______________and deliver it to the nipple via_____________________

A

acinar cells

lactiferous ducts.

171
Q

A________ is composed of smooth muscle that is capable of erection on manual or sucking stimulation.

A

Nipple

172
Q

Nipple: On stimulation, it transmits sensations to the________________ to release oxytocin.

A

Posterior pituitary gland

173
Q

___________acts to constrict milk gland cells and push milk forward the ducts that lead to the nipple.

A

Oxytocin

174
Q

The blood supply to the breasts is profuse because it is supplied by :

A

thoracic branches of the axillary, internal mammary

intercostal arteries.

175
Q

is episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes.

A

Menstruation

176
Q

The purpose of a _____________is to bring an ovum to maturity and renew a uterine tissue bed that will be responsible for the ova’s growth should be fertilized.

A

menstrual cycle

177
Q

is the process that allows for conception and implantation of a new life.

A

Menstruation

178
Q

It is good to include health teaching information on menstruation to both school age children and their children and their parents as early as ___________as part of routine care.

A

4th grade

179
Q

The length of menstrual cycles differs from woman to woman, but the average length is__________

A

28 days

180
Q

The length of the average menstrual flow is ___________days,

although women may have periods as short as _______days or as long as _____days.

A

4-6

2
7

181
Q

FOUR BODY STRUCTURES INVOLVED in menstruation

A
  1. The hypothalamus
  2. The pituitary gland
  3. The ovaries
  4. The uterus
182
Q

its cells produce a clear fluid ___________that contains a high degree of estrogen (mainly estradiol) and some progesterone.

A

follicle fluid

183
Q

At full maturity, it is visible on the surface of the ovary as a clear water blister approximately 0.25 to 0.5 inches across.

A

Follicle

184
Q

At this stage of maturation, the small ovum , with its surrounding follicle membrane and fluid, is termed

A

Graafian follicle.

185
Q

Ovum:
___________, which contains the bulk of the cytoplasm,
___________, which contains so little cytoplasm that is not functional.

A

primary oocyte

secondary oocyte

186
Q

The ovum is set free from the surface of the ovary, a process termed__________. It is swept into the open end of a fallopian tube.

A

OVULATION

187
Q

corpus luteum remains throughout the major portion of the pregnancy

A

16-20 weeks

188
Q

unfertilized ovum atrophies after______

A

4-5 days

189
Q

If Unfertilized ovum : the corpus luteum remains for only_________

A

8-10 days

190
Q

corpus luteum regresses, it is gradually replaced by white fibrous tissue, and the resulting structure is termed a

A

corpus albicans

191
Q

The endometrium, or lining of the uterus, is very thin, approximately one cell layer in depth.

A

PROLIFERATIVE

192
Q

The capillaries of the endometrium increase in amount until the lining takes on the appearance of rich, spongy velvet.

A

Secretory

193
Q

The capillaries rupture, with minute hemorrhages, and the endometrium
sloughs off.

A

Ischemic

194
Q

Blood from the ruptured capillaries.

  • Mucin from the glans
  • Fragments of endometrial tissue
  • The microscopic, atrophied, and unfertilized ovum
A

Menses

195
Q

menstrual flow contains only approximately_________ mL of blood

A

30 to 80 mL

196
Q

iron loss in a typical menstrual flow is approximately

A

11 mg.

197
Q

Cervical mucus can be examined at midcycle to detect, which suggests a high estrogen surge, is present.

A

Fern test

198
Q

can be tested in an examining room by smearing a cervical mucus specimen on a slide and stretching the mucus between the slide and coverslip.

A

Spinnbarkeit test

199
Q

abnormally heavy menstrual flows

A

Menorrhagia

200
Q

bleeding in between menstrual periods

- menstrual migraines, and premenstrual dysphoric syndrome

A

Metrorrhagia

201
Q

is a term used to denote the period during which menopausal changes occur.

A

Perimenopausal

202
Q

describes the time of life following final menses

A

Postmenopausal

203
Q

multidimensional phenomenon that includes feelings, attitudes, and actions. has both biologic and cultural components.

A

Sexuality

204
Q

is the term used to denote a person’s chromosomal sex: male (XY) or female (XX).

A

BIOLOGIC GENDER

205
Q

is the inner sense a person has of being male or female, which may be the same as or different from biologic gender.

A

GENDER IDENTITY OR SEXUAL IDENTITY

206
Q

is the male or female behavior a person exhibits, which, again, may or may not be the same as biologic gender or gender identity.

A

GENDER ROLE

207
Q

the process of determining the sex of a person or other organism, especially in difficult cases where special tests are necessary

A

Sex typing

208
Q

Boys demonstrate more innate aggression, even at this early stage, than do
girls.

A

INFANCY

209
Q

By age 3 or 4 years, they can say what sex they are, and they have absorbed cultural expectations of that sex role.

A

PRESCHOOL PERIOD

210
Q

Often, boys will play rough-and-tumble games with other boys, and girls will play more quietly, although the two frequently mix at this age.

A

PRESCHOOL PERIOD

211
Q

Social contacts between the child and significant adults contribute to sexual identification

A

PRESCHOOL PERIOD

212
Q

A positive self-concept grows from parental love, effective relationships with others, success in play activities, and gaining skills and self-control.

A

PRESCHOOL PERIOD

213
Q

The boy shows signs of competing with his father for his mother’s love and attention; the preschool girl competes with her mother for her father’s attention and love.

A

OEDIPUS COMPLEX

Maternal (3 decks)

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