reproductive strategies

Question 1

sexual reproduction

Answer 1

a reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from two parents

Question 2

gonads

Answer 2

the primary sexual organ in animals

Question 3

sexual gametes are produced through meiosis, which results in

Answer 3

haploid cells contain a single full set of chromosomes

Question 4

haploid gametes fuse together to produce a

Answer 4

diploid zygote

Question 5

asexual reproduction

Answer 5

a reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from a single parent

Question 6

vegetative reproduction

Answer 6

a form of asexual reproduction in which an individual is produced from the nonsexual tissues of a parent

Question 7

clones

Answer 7

individuals that descend asexually from the same parent and bear the same genotype

Question 8

parthenogenesis

Answer 8

a form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo is produced without fertilization
-can produce clones (no meiosis)
-can produce genetically variable offspring (full or partial meiosis)
-recently discovered in boas and pythons

Question 9

costs of sexual reproduction

Answer 9

-sexual organs require energy and resources
-mating behaviors require time and energy

Question 10

hermaphroditism

Answer 10

when an individual possesses both male and female gametes
-counterbalances the cost of meiosis

Question 11

offset to sexual reproduction

Answer 11

if the male helps the female take care of offspring, reducing female energy costs

Question 12

purging mutations

Answer 12

sexually reproducing organisms can lose deleterious mutations during meiosis
-due to random assortment, many gametes will not contain mutations

Question 13

red queen hypothesis

Answer 13

sexual reproduction allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counter the rapid evolution of parasites
-in spite of their higher reproductive rates, asexual clones cannot persist in the face of high rates of parasitism

Question 14

simultaneous hermaphrodites

Answer 14

individuals that possess male and female reproductive functions at the same time

Question 15

sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 15

individuals that possess male or female reproductive function and then switch to the other

Question 16

perfect flowers

Answer 16

flowers that contain both male and female sexual organs
-2/3 of plants have perfect flowers

Question 17

monoecious

Answer 17

plants that have separate make and female flowers on the same individual

Question 18

dioecious

Answer 18

plants that contain either only male flowers or only female flowers on a single individual

Question 19

for hermaphrodites, selfing occurs when

Answer 19

an individual’s male gametes fertilize its own female gametes
-poses a cost due to inbreeding depression

Question 20

mixed mating

Answer 20

some species are able to switch between outcrossing and selfing
-can be in response to a lack of resources

Question 21

environmental sex determination

Answer 21

a process in which sex is determined largely by the environment
-type of phenotypic plasticity, where the phenotype is sex

Question 22

temperature dependent sex determination

Answer 22

occurs when the sex of an individual is determined by the temperature at which eggs develop

Question 23

frequency dependent selection

Answer 23

when the rarer phenotype in a population is favored by natural selection

Question 24

local mate competition

Answer 24

when competition for mates occurs in a very limited area, and only a few males are required to fertilize all the females
-can cause skewed sex ratios to occur

Question 25

mating system

Answer 25

pattern of matings between males and females -number of mates each individual has and the permanence of the relationship with those mates

Question 26

promiscuity

Answer 26

males mate with multiple females and females mate with multiple males and do not crease social bonds -common among animals and outcrossing plants MALES BENEFIT

Question 27

polygamy

Answer 27

a single individual of one sex forms long-term social bonds with more than one individual of the opposite sex

Question 28

polygyny

Answer 28

a polygamous mating system in which a male mates with more than one female -may evolve when males compete for females or when a male can defend territory and resources

Question 29

polyandry

Answer 29

a polygamous mating system in which a female mates with more than one males -may evolve when females reach for superior sperm or receive material benefit from each suitor (spermatophores)

Question 30

monogamy

Answer 30

when a social bond between a male and female persists through the period that is required for them to rear offspring -favored when males make important contributions in raising offspring

Question 31

extra-pair copulation

Answer 31

when an individual that has a social bond with a mate also breeds with other individuals

Question 32

mate guarding

Answer 32

a behavior in which one partner prevents the other partner from participating in extra-pair copulations

Question 33

sexual selection

Answer 33

differential survival and reproduction due to sex-specific traits that are related to reproduction -leads to a variety of differences between males and females

Question 34

sexual dimorphism

Answer 34

the difference in the phenotype between males and females of the same species

Question 35

primary sexual characteristics

Answer 35

traits related to fertilization -gonads

Question 36

secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 36

traits related to differences between the sexes in terms of body size, ornaments, color, and courtship

Question 37

life history differences between sexes

Answer 37

body size differences between sexes are common in animals

Question 38

contests between males

Answer 38

when males compete for females, selection will favor the evolution of weapons -antlers or leg spurs

Question 39

good genes hypothesis

Answer 39

the hypothesis that an individual chooses a mate that possesses a superior genotype

Question 40

good health hypothesis

Answer 40

the hypothesis that an individual chooses the healthiest mates -could be. based on genes or resources

Question 41

parasite-mediated sexual selection

Answer 41

parasites reduce host fitness, parasites alter male showiness, parasite resistance is inherited, and females choose less parasitized males

Question 42

runaway sexual selection

Answer 42

when selection for preference of a sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other; continues until males run out of genetic variation -extreme traits (peacock feathers) also burden males by requiring energy and resources, and attracting predators

Question 43

the handicap principle

Answer 43

the greater the handicap an individual carries, the greater its ability must be to offset that trait