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Reproductive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the reproductive system?

A
  • Production of gametes
  • Fertilization
  • Development/nourishment of a new individual
  • Production of reproductive hormones
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2
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

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3
Q

Where are sperm cells produced in males?

A

Testes

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4
Q

Where are oocytes (eggs) produced in females?

A

Ovaries

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5
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division in gonads that results in gametes

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6
Q

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells

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7
Q

What is the chromosome number after the first meiotic division?

A

23 chromosomes

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8
Q

Which male reproductive organs are involved in sperm cell development?

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
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9
Q

What is the primary male reproductive organ?

A

Testes

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10
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A

Nourish germ cells and produce hormones

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11
Q

What hormone do Leydig cells secrete?

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of sperm cells

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13
Q

What happens during emission in the male sex act?

A

Movement of sperm cells and secretions into the urethra

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14
Q

What is the average lifespan of sperm once inside a female?

A

72 hours

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15
Q

What are the components of semen?

A
  • Sperm cells
  • Secretions from seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral gland
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16
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles?

A

Secrete nourishing fluids for sperm cells

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17
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Secretes prostatic fluid that neutralizes acidity

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18
Q

What is the female equivalent of the male scrotum?

A

Labia majora

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19
Q

What is the primary female reproductive organ?

A

Ovaries

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20
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

Mature follicle ruptures, releasing oocyte

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21
Q

What is the function of the fimbriae in the uterine tubes?

A

Help sweep oocyte into uterine tubes

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22
Q

What is the innermost layer of the uterus called?

A

Endometrium

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23
Q

What phase marks the beginning of menstruation?

A

Menstrual phase

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24
Q

What hormonal changes occur during menopause?

A

Reduced estrogen and progesterone levels

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25
What is capacitation in terms of sperm cells?
Final changes that occur to sperm after ejaculation
26
What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
Produces estrogen and progesterone
27
What is the average duration of the menstrual cycle?
28 days
28
What is the term for the outer layer of the developing embryo?
Trophoblast
29
What happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is not fertilized?
Degenerates after 2 weeks
30
What is the role of estrogen during pregnancy?
Stimulates growth of uterine muscles and mammary glands
31
What is the role of progesterone during pregnancy?
Maintains the endometrium and reduces uterine contractions
32
What attaches to the uterine wall and begins the development of a new pregnancy?
Egg
33
What is formed from the development of the trophoblast upon implantation?
Placenta
34
At what point does the placenta take over the hormonal role of the ovaries?
~12 weeks
35
What hormones does the placenta produce after taking over the hormonal role?
* Estrogen * Progesterone
36
What is the function of estrogen during pregnancy?
Stimulates the growth of uterine muscles and development of mammary glands
37
What does progesterone maintain during pregnancy?
Endometrium
38
What effect does progesterone have on uterine contractions?
Reduces uterine contractions
39
When do estrogen and progesterone levels drop?
Near the time of birth
40
What is the Female Climacteric?
Natural transition to menopause
41
What are common causes of infertility in females?
* Malfunctions of uterine tubes * Reduced hormone secretion * Interruption of implantation
42
What is Erectile Dysfunction?
Inability to obtain or maintain an erection
43
What percentage of people with penises are affected by Erectile Dysfunction?
About 40 percent
44
What is Epididymitis?
Inflammation of the epididymis
45
What are typical symptoms of Epididymitis?
* Discomfort or pain * Swelling in the scrotum
46
What characterizes Acute Epididymitis?
Rapid onset, often caused by bacterial infection
47
What are common symptoms of Acute Epididymitis?
* Pain * Swelling * Redness * Warmth in the scrotum * Fever * Urethral discharge
48
What defines Chronic Epididymitis?
Lasts for more than three months
49
What condition is associated with lower back pain after physical activity?
Chronic Epididymitis
50
What occurs during Prostate Cancer?
Glandular cells of the prostate mutate into tumor cells
51
Where does Prostate Cancer most commonly metastasize?
* Bones * Lymph nodes * Rectum * Lower urinary tract organs
52
What is a common sign of Testicular Cancer?
A lump or swelling in one of the testes
53
What are symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?
* Fluid retention * Headaches * Nervous tension * Irritability * Breast tenderness
54
What distinguishes Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) from PMS?
PMDD causes severe irritability, depression, or anxiety
55
What is Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding?
Very heavy menstrual flow, bleeding between cycles, or bleeding before puberty or after menopause
56
What is menorrhagia?
Very heavy bleeding during menses or bleeding lasting more than seven days
57
What does Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) cause?
* Irregular periods * Difficulty getting pregnant
58
What is a risk factor associated with PCOS?
Obesity
59
What type of cancer is Cervical Cancer also known as?
Uterine cancer
60
What is a common symptom of Endometrial Cancer?
Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding
61
What is Endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus
62
What can be a symptom of Endometriosis?
Pain, infertility, and very heavy periods
63
What is Vaginitis?
Inflammation of the vagina and sometimes the vulva
64
What are symptoms of Vaginitis?
* Yellow, gray, or green discharge * Itching * Pain * Burning sensation * Foul odor
65
What is a Uterine Fibroid?
A benign tumor in the muscular wall of the uterus
66
What are Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?
Bacterial or viral infections acquired through sexual contact
67
Why are women often disproportionately affected by STIs?
* Biology of the female reproductive tract * Higher efficiency of male-to-female transmission * Social and structural barriers

ANAPHY (3 decks)

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