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reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the parts in the external genitalia of the male anatomy

A

penis, scrotum

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2
Q

what are the parts in the gonads of the male anatomy

A

testis

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3
Q

what are the parts in the internal genitalia of the male anatomy

A

vans deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle

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4
Q

describe if testis occurs in single or pair, its location and function

A

pair

located in scrotum

produces sperm and testosterone

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5
Q

describe if epididymis and ductus deferens occur in single or pair, its location and function

A

pair

one epididymis attached to rear of each testis, one ductus deferens travel from each epididymis up and out of scrotal sac through the inguinal canal to the urethra at neck of bladder

serve as sperm exit route and site of maturation for motility and fertility

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6
Q

describe if seminal vesicle occur in single or pair, its location and function

A

pair

empty into last portion of ductus deferens

supply fructose to nourish ejaculated sperm, secrete prostaglandins to stimulate motility to help transport sperm and provide bulk to semen

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7
Q

describe if prostate gland occur in single or pair, its location and function

A

single

completely surround urethra at neck of bladder

secretes alkaline fluid to neutralise acidity of vagina, trigger clotting of semen` to ensure sperm stays in vagina even after penis removal

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8
Q

describe if bulbourethral gland occur in single or pair, its location and function

A

pair

empty into urethra

secrete mucus for lubrication

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9
Q

when does descent of testes occur

A

during puberty

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10
Q

when does descent of testes finish

A

usually by 7th month of gestation

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11
Q

why does descent of testes occur

A

role of testosterone from fetal testes

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12
Q

what occurs during descent of testes

A

shortening of gubernaculum

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13
Q

what is gubernaculum

A

cord of muscle

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14
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes into adulthood resulting in the inability to produce viable sperm

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15
Q

temperature of scrotum for spermatogenesis to occur

A

35 degrees C

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16
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take

A

64 days and does not occur synchronously in the seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

what are the two cells located in the seminiferous tubules

A

sertoli and leydig cells

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18
Q

what is the function of sertoli cells

A

produce nutrients for sperm cells to grow and mature

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19
Q

what is the function of leydig cells

A

produce testosterone

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20
Q

what occurs during puberty

A

onset of spermatogenesis, enlargement of testes and development of secondary characteristics, hormonal changes

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21
Q

what hormone is produced by the hypothalamus during puberty

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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22
Q

what does GnRH regulate

A

regulate secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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23
Q

what does FSH target

A

sertoli cells to release nutrients for sperm growth

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24
Q

what does LH target

A

leydig cells to release testosterone

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25
what role does testosterone have
negative feedback on the hypothalamus
26
what happens if there is continuous exposure of gonadotrophs to GnRH
desensitisation of GnRH receptors
27
what are the effects of testosterone
internal male genitalia, pubertal growth spurt, penis growth, deepening of voice, spermatogenesis, libido, muscle growth
28
what hormone does leydig cells produce from cholesterol
cholesterol -> progesterone -> testosterone
29
what hormone does sertoli cells produce from testosterone and using which enzyme
testosterone -> dihydrotestosterone using 5alpha enzyme
30
what are the effects of dihydrotestosterone
external male genitalia, sebaceous glands, male hair pattern, male hair pattern baldness
31
what hormones do testis produce
androgens, MIF, inhibin, ABP
32
what are androgens
any steroid hormone that promotes male secondary sex characteristics
33
what are examples of androgens
testosterone and DHT
34
which parts of the female anatomy are part of the external genitalia
vagina (lower 2/3), clitoris, labium major, labium minor
35
which parts of the female anatomy are part of the gonads
ovary
36
which parts of the female anatomy are part of the internal genitalia
uterine duct, uterine tube, uterus (myo, peri. endometrium), vagina (upper 1/3), cervix
37
what is the function of the ovary
site of storage and development of oocyte, secrete sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone to promote fertilisation of ovum and prepare female tract for pregnancy
38
what is the function of the oviduct
for transporting of oocyte from ovary to uterus
39
what is the function of the uterus
hollow chamber for development of embryo, responsible for maintenance of fetus during development, expelling of fetus at end of pregnancy, responsive to female hormones
40
what is the function of the cervix
lower part of uterus that opens into vagina
41
what is the function of the vagina
to produce lubricating fluids, birth canal
42
what is the function of the clitoris
organ of sexual arousal
43
describe the process of estrogen synthesis
LH binds to LH receptors to cause secondary messenger system and signal amplification which results in cholesterol converting into a precursor required for FSH to produce estradiol (estrogen)
44
how long does an ovarian cycle last
28 days
45
what are the two alternating phases in an ovarian cycle
follicular and luteal phase
46
apart from production of FSH what does FSH play a role in
follicular growth and maturation and induces antrum formation where estrogen is stored at
47
at puberty which hormone level rise and what does it result in
GnRH which causes LH and FSH secretion
48
what are the stages of ovarian cycle
rising moderate level of estrogen -> rising high levels of estrogen and follicle maturation -> massive increase in LH -> follicular phase -> luteal phase -> formation of corpus luteum -> degeneration of corpus luteum
49
what occurs during rising moderate level of estrogen
negative feedback on hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH secretion, production of inhibin by follicular cells which selectively inhibit secretion of FSH leading to continuous increase in LH levels
50
what occurs when there is rising high levels of estrogen and follicular maturation
positive feedback on hypothalamus to increase GnRH secretion and selectively stimulate LH secretion, but inhibin secretion from follicular cells continue to inhibit FSH secretion resulting in a surge in LH levels
51
what occurs when there is a massive increase in LH
differentiation of follicular cells into luteal cells and ovulation
52
what occurs in the follicular phase
dominated by presence of maturing follicles
53
what occurs in the luteal phase
presence of corpus luteum
54
what occurs during development of corpus luteum
under influence of LH, corpus luteum secretes both estrogen and progesterone, P inhibits secretion of both LH and FSH which prevents new follicular maturation and ovulation prevented
55
what occurs during degeneration of corpus luteum
if no fertilisation occurs, CL degenerates and E and P no longer produced as not required, negative feedback on hypothalamus inhibited which promotes increase in GnRH secretion for new follicular phase to begin
56
what is corpus luteum
remnant of matured follicle
57
what are the phases the endometrium goes through
menstrual, proliferative, secretory
58
are the levels of P and E high or low in menstrual phase
low
59
what occurs during proliferative phase
E helps to grow follicular cells and stimulate growth of uterus (glands and blood vessels grow), endometrium thickens gradually
60
when does secretory phase start
starts once E converted to P and egg released
61
what occurs during secretory phase
glands in uterus secretes nutrients in preparation for baby, if no hormone produced to stimulate positive feedback, no fertilisation and low hormones prevents uterus from being nourished resulting in sloughing
62
what does P do during secretory phase
increase number of blood vessels and secretory glands in endometrium
63
what are the effects of puberty
thelarche (enlargement of breasts), pubarche (growth of pubic and auxillary hair), menarche (first menstrual period), rapid increase in height, growth of secondary sex organs, fat deposition
64
compare the hormones produced by hypothalamus between male and female
both GnRH
65
compare the hormones produced by anterior pituitary
both FSH and LH
66
what are the hormones produced by ovaries and specifically by which cell
estrogen and inhibin by granulosa cells, progesterone by CL, androgen by theca cells which would then be converted to estrogen
67
compare the target/ endocrine cells between male and female
male: sertoli, leydig female: granulosa, CL
68
compare the hormones between male and female
male: T, DHT, inhibin female: P, E, inhibin
69
why does menopause occur
ovaries have fewer remaining follicles, less responsive to GnRH thus secrete less E and P
70
what are the effects of menopause
cessation of menstrual cycle, skin changes, gradual atrophy of genital organs, vasomotor changes (regulation of blood vessel dilation and constriction which can cause hot flushes), psychological and emotional effects, increase risk of CVD due to increased levels of cholesterol, increase risk of osteoperosis due to decreased bone mass due to decreased E

pr3152 (6 decks)

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