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Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is winking

A

Rhythmic contractions of the vulva when a mare is in estrus

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2
Q

Estrus + diestrus =

A

estrous cycle

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3
Q

How long is estrus

A

~ 6 days

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4
Q

How long is diestrus

A

~ 15 days

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5
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone leads to

A

Production of estrogen

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6
Q

What is the follicle

A

A small secretory cavity, sac or gland that secretes estrogen

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7
Q

What does estrogen stimulate

A

The pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone

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8
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do

A

Trigger ovulation of the ovum from the follicle

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9
Q

What happens after ovulation

A

Estrogen and LH decrease. Progesterone is needed to inhibit heat and promote pregnancy (hopefully)

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10
Q

Where does progesterone come from

A

The corpus luteum = the sight of the ovulated follicle, where follicle used to be

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11
Q

What does the mare do incase the egg did not get fertilized

A

Builds an ovum in a follicle for the next round with FSH

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12
Q

What does the Graafian follicle do

A

Produces inhibin which inhibits FSH production, becomes corpus luteum

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13
Q

Where does the signal of whether or not the mare is pregnant come from

A

From the fertilized ovum in the uterus, floats around and makes contact with uterine wall

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14
Q

What happens in the absence of a fertilized ovum

A

Prostaglandin is released from uterus, destroys corpus luteum (which is producing progesterone). We have FSH producing another follicle

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15
Q

***draw slide 14

A

ok

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16
Q

What are the ways a mare’s reproductive tract can be examined (7)

A

Rectal palpation
Ultrasound
Vaginal Speculum
Uterine culture and cytology
Uterine biopsy
Hormonal assays
Endoscopy

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17
Q

**list the ways that a mare may be prevented from going into estrus

A

Daily oral progesterone
Acupuncture staples
Marble
Long-acting progesterone
Progesterone implants
Ovariectomy

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18
Q

How does daily oral progesterone work

A

Tells the mare they are pregnant, can suppress estrus
Regu-Mate

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19
Q

How does a marble work

A

Simulates a fertilized embryo, stops from coming into estrus

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20
Q

Ovariectomy vs ovariohysterectomy

A

Ovariectomy = just ovaries taken out
Ovariohysterectomy = uterus and ovaries “spay”

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21
Q

Progesterone related ways of preventing a mare from coming into estrus

A

Daily oral progesterone (Regu-Mate)
Long-acting progesterone (injectable)
Implants

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22
Q

Inflammation of the uterus that may be accompanied by an infection with microorganisms

A

Endometritis

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23
Q

Clinical signs of endometritis

A

Infertility
Abnormal, frequent heat cycles

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24
Q

How is endometritis diagnosed

A

Uterine culture
Uterine cytology
Uterine biopsy
Ultrasound showing fluid build up

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25
How is endometritis treated
Lavage with fluids and/or antimicrobials Oxytocin (makes uterus contract; squeeze out debris/fluid from lavage)
26
Endometritis can lead to
infertility, chronic inflammation
27
Complications of endometritis
Pyometra
28
What is pyometra
Large accumulations of pus (up to 60L) in the uterus
29
What does pyometra stand for
Pyo = pus Metra = uterus
30
How serious is pyometra? Complications?
Difficult to treat May be recurrent Results in permanent damage to uterus = permanent infertility
31
Most common type of ovarian tumor seen in mares
Granulosa cell tumour
32
What does a granulosa cell tumour release
testosterone
33
Behaviour changes in mare with granulosa cell tumour
Stallion-like behaviours
34
How do we diagnose a granulosa cell tumour
Clinical signs Rectal palpations Ultrasound Blood tests (hormone levels)
35
What does a granulosa grow from
An ovary
36
How do we treat a granulosa
Surgery (removal)
37
How serious is granulosa? Complications?
Unilateral: unaffected ovary may ovulate normally Complications related to surgery
38
Common, minor procedure to suture the dorsal aspect of the vulva closed is...
Caslicks procedure
39
Why do a caslicks procedure
If the angle/conformation/length of the vulva makes it so that the mare is defecating into her vulva = fecal contamination with bacteria
40
Indications for a caslicks procedure
Windsucking (of vulva) Tipped vulvar conformation Recurrent uterine infections from contamination
41
Two functions of male reproductive system
Produce sperm, deliver sperm into mare
42
What kind of estrus do mares undergo
Seasonal polyestrus
43
Do stallions reproductive system shut down in the winter like mares?
No, lasts year round. produces sperm through the winter, numbers decreased
44
What is spermatogenesis
Making sperm
45
Where does spermatogenesis take place, how long does it take
In the seminiferous tubules within the testicles 55 days
46
If a stallion is sick, how does that affect sperm
Sick today, treated with drugs means sperm have been damaged/wiped out, will not know for 55 days
47
After spermatogenesis, how long does it take for sperm to mature/be motile. Where does this happen?
Maturation in epididymis for 4-5 days
48
How long do sperm spend in the epididymis
Variable, 2 days to weeks until ejaculation or urination
49
What controls the breeding event?
The nervous system - stimuli
50
Describe a breeding event
Stallion sees mare in heat, drops penis within 1-2 mins Mounts within 3 minutes, 5-8 intravaginal thrusts 3-5 short thrusts while ejaculating, flags tail, dismounts
51
Average volume of ejaculate
30-100 milliliters
52
Steps involved with examination of the stallion (6)
Physical exam of external genitalia Ultrasound Endoscopy Culture and cytology Breeding observation Semen analysis
53
What is examined during physical exam of stallion
Testicles, scrotum, sheath and penis Width of testicles (related to amount of sperm) Exposed to mare in heat so penis can be examined
54
An endoscopic exam of the urethra can identify
Source of bleeding if blood in semen Stricture of the urethra
55
Where are samples collected from for culture/cytology of a stallion? Why?
Outside of penis, tip of urethra, tip of penis Check for diseases
56
What is assessed during breeding observation
Stallion libido Response to mare in heat Ability to develop an erection, mount and ejaculate
57
What is examined during semen analysis
Total volume Number of sperm Morphology of sperm Activity and movement of sperm
58
What is Cryptorchidism
One or both testicles fail to drop into scrotum Colt is called a 'crypt'
59
What is the peritoneum
Lining surrounding abdominal cavity
60
When do testicles normally descend
last 30 days of gestation or first 10 days following birth
61
How is cryptorchidism diagnosed
Testicles not palpated by 4-6 months Measure testosterone Stimulate with human chorionic gonadotropin
62
Why not remove a testicle if only one is dropped
May still behave like a stallion in the future because other teste is producing testosterone but not viable sperm, bought/sold = complicated
63
Recommended treatment for cryptorchidism and complications?
Surgery (opening the abdomen) Surgical complications Aggressive "gelding" if not removed
64
How serious is cryptorchidism
Should not be used as a stallion
65
When the intestines slip through the inguinal rings, possibly into the scrotum, this is...
Inguinal and scrotal hernias
66
What does the inguinal ring do? What happens when it is too big or small
Allows testes to be pulled through by gubernacular bulb Big = hernia Small = crypt
67
How is inguinal and scrotal herniation diagnosed
Enlarged scrotum Colic episodes Ultrasound exam
68
Treatment for scrotal and inguinal herniation
Surgery to reposition the intestines and close inguinal rings
69
How serious is scrotal and inguinal herniation
Serious if not recognized early Damage to intestines
70
Complications of scrotal and inguinal herniation
if castration is performed, intestines can drop through castration site Trapped intestines in inguinal rings or scrotum can be twisted or strangulated
71
Penile prolapse is
When the penis of a stallion of gelding has become damaged and the horse is no longer able to pull it back into its sheath
72
Causes of penile prolapse
Trauma Viral or bacterial diseases Administration of acepromazine
73
How is penile prolapse diagnosed? What is the treatment
Condition of the penis Manually replaced into sheath Support against belly with bandage to prevent swelling/damage NSAIDs and exercise to reduce swelling
74
How serious is penile prolapse? Complications
Very, can lead to permanent damage Permanent paralysis and loss of ability to breed
75
What should never be administered to stallions
Acepromazine
76
What is castration
Removal of the testicles
77
What should be checked before castration
Both testicles descended Tetanus vaccine
78
Two methods of castration
Standing Down
79
Most important part of castration recovery? Complication?
Exercise to encourage drainage from surgical site Premature closure of surgical site=fluid accumulation
80
Other complications of castration
Excessive bleeding Infection Inguinal hernia
81
Rule of thumb about bleeding during castration
If you can count the drops then he's okay, usually
82
How often do sheaths need to be cleaned
6-12 months
83
What can be found in the pocket at the tip of the penis
Bean; accumulation of thick whitish material

An Sc 325 (24 decks)

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