Reproductive System

Question 1

Phases of the menstrual cycle

Answer 1

Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

Question 2

Follicular phase of menstrual cycle

Answer 2

• runs from the first day of menstruation up until ovulation
• pituitary gland produces FSH which stimulates follicular maturation in the ovaries
• increase in estrogen and thickening of the endometrium to prepare for the potential implantation of a fertilized egg

Question 3

Ovulation

Answer 3

Estrogen peaks which leads to a surge in LH which causes the release of an oocyte

Question 4

Luteal phase

Answer 4

Empty follicle that released the oocyte turns into corpus luteum and produces progesterone which thickens the lining of the uterus and if pregnancy does not occur progesterone levels drop and corpus luteum is reabsorbed

Question 5

How often should individuals get a pap test for screening of cervical cancer?

Answer 5

Every 2 to 3 years if each PAP has been normal, or every year if PAP has been previously abnormal

Question 6

When should Pap tests begin?

Answer 6

Three years after sexual intercourse or by age 21

Question 7

When should mammograms start and how often should they be completed?

Answer 7

Age 40, annually

Question 8

Mammogram patient education

Answer 8

Avoid using deodorants, lotions, or powder in the axillary region

Question 9

Breast self-examination patient education

Answer 9

Perform monthly, 3 to 5 days after. When breasts are less swollen and tender

Question 10

When and how often should males get prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels drawn to screen for prostate cancer?

Answer 10

Annually starting at age 50

Question 11

Normal PSA level

Answer 11

Less than 4

Question 12

What does a PSA level greater than 4 indicate?

Answer 12

The presence of prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Question 13

When screening for prostate cancer why should a PSA level be drawn prior to performing a digital rectal exam?

Answer 13

Digital rectal exams can alter the levels of PSA (falsely elevated)

Question 14

Testicular self-examination patient education

Answer 14

Perform monthly starting at age 15 in the shower or after the shower when scrotum is relaxed and testes are easier to palpate

Question 15

Changes in the breasts, which include the development of fibrotic connective tissue and cysts

Answer 15

Fibrocystic breast condition

Question 16

Fibrocystic breast condition is associated with hormonal imbalances, specifically elevated levels of

Answer 16

Estrogen

Question 17

S/S of fibrous cystic breast condition

Answer 17

Breast pain, movable, tender rubber-like cysts that commonly occur in the upper outer quadrant of the breast

Question 18

Fibrocystic breast condition patient education

Answer 18

Treatment is supportive, symptoms of this condition will be reduced or go away completely after menopause when estrogen levels come down

Question 19

Prolonged and/or excessive bleeding that can lead to anemia

Answer 19

Menorrhagia

Question 20

Painful menstruation

Answer 20

dysmenorrhea

Question 21

Lack of menstruation

Answer 21

Amenorrhea

Question 22

Things that can cause amenorrhea

Answer 22

Pregnancy, contraceptives, endocrine disorders, such as Cushing’s disease, low body weight Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Question 23

The growth of endometrial tissue, which normally lines the inside of the uterus, growing outside of the uterus, causing pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility

Answer 23

Endometriosis

Question 24

Symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)

Answer 24

Irritability, depression, breast tenderness, bloating, and headache

Question 25

Cessation of menstruation

Answer 25

Menopause

Question 26

When does menopause typically occur?

Answer 26

Around 50 years of age (when an individual has not had a period for 12 or more months)

Question 27

Symptoms of menopause

Answer 27

Hot flashes, night sweats, decreased vaginal secretions, decreased bone density, mood swings, sleep disturbances

Question 28

Treatment for symptoms associated with menopause

Answer 28

Hormone therapy (decreases hot flashes, vaginal tissue, atrophy, and bone fractures)

Question 29

Adverse effect of hormone therapy

Answer 29

Increased risk for embolic events such as MI, stroke, DVT; increased risk for breast cancer

Question 30

Reproductive disorder in which one or more pelvic organs fall down or slip out of place

Answer 30

Pelvic organ prolapse

Question 31

Protrusion of the bladder through the anterior vaginal wall, which can lead to UTIs and stress incontinence

Answer 31

Cystocele

Question 32

Protrusion of the uterus into the vagina caused by weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments

Answer 32

Uterine prolapse

Question 33

Protrusion of the rectum through the posterior wall of the vagina Which can lead to constipation and hemorrhoids

Answer 33

Rectocele

Question 34

Risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse

Answer 34

Childbirth, pregnancy, obesity, chronic constipation, decreased estrogen

Question 35

Pelvic organ prolapse treatment

Answer 35

Kegel exercises, intravaginal estrogen, surgical repair, vaginal pessaries

Question 36

Male reproductive disorder, characterized by an enlarged prostate and is associated with a change in hormone levels

Answer 36

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Question 37

Symptoms of BPH

Answer 37

Urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, urinary urgency, urinary retention, post-void dribbling, hematuria, UTIs

Question 38

Labs associated with BPH

Answer 38

Elevated PSA, WBCs, creatinine, BUN

Question 39

Key medications for treatment of BPH

Answer 39

Finasteride, tamsulosin, Tadalafil

Question 40

Surgical intervention for BPH

Answer 40

Transurethral Resection of the prostate (TURP)

Question 41

TURP

Answer 41

Instrument is inserted into the urethra an excess tissue was cut away from the prostate in order to restore urine flow, then a three-way urinary catheter is placed in order to provide continuous bladder irrigation (CBI)

Question 42

Irrigation outflow following TURP should be

Answer 42

Light pink color

Question 43

If TURP irrigation outflow is bright, red, resembles ketchup, or contains clots, then CBI rate should be

Answer 43

Increased

Question 44

Following TURP, if patient has symptoms of a catheter obstruction, such as bladder spasms or a decrease in outflow, the nurse should

Answer 44

Turn off the CBI and irrigate using a large piston syringe

Question 45

Normal, expected finding following TURP

Answer 45

Continuous feeling of the need to urinate

Question 46

TURP surgery recovery patient education

Answer 46

Drink at least 2 L of water per day to flush out bladder, avoid alcohol and caffeine as those are bladder stimulants, if there is blood in the urine stop activity rest and increase fluid intake

Question 47

Adverse effects of erectile dysfunction medications

Answer 47

Increased risk for priapism (prolonged erection), increased risk for MI. DO NOT take these medications in conjunction with nitrates (life-threatening hypotension)

Question 48

Collection of fluid that forms around the testicle causing swelling that is typically not painful

Answer 48

Hydrocele

Question 49

Sperm containing cyst that forms on the epididymis

Answer 49

Spermatocele

Question 50

Condition where the veins within the scrotum are enlarged, which can cause an increase in scrotal temperature which may lead to infertility

Answer 50

Varicocele

Question 51

Twisting of the spermatic cord including the vas deferens and the nerves and blood vessels that supply blood to the testicle causing severe pain and swelling

Answer 51

Testicular torsion

Question 52

Testicular torsion treatment

Answer 52

Immediate surgery to restore blood flow and save the testicle

Question 53

Chlamydia and gonorrhea are sexually transmitted infections that if left untreated can cause

Answer 53

Pelvic inflammatory disease, Infertility, and preterm labor complications

Question 54

Symptoms of chlamydia and gonorrhea

Answer 54

Typically asymptomatic; dysuria, discharge from vagina or penis, pelvic pain

Question 55

Treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea

Answer 55

Antibiotics such as doxycycline for chlamydia and cephalosporins for gonorrhea

Question 56

Chlamydia and gonorrhea nursing care

Answer 56

Complete disease reporting requirements, provide patient education regarding the abstinence during treatment, the need for partner notification and treatment, and importance of safe sex practices. Educate the patient that they will need to be re-screened about three months after treatment is completed.

Question 57

The spread of sexually transmitted bacteria from the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries

Answer 57

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Question 58

Complications of PID

Answer 58

Infertility, sepsis, death

Question 59

Symptoms of PID

Answer 59

Asymptomatic; lower abdominal pain, pelvic pain, menstrual irregularities, painful urination, and fever

Question 60

Sexually transmitted bacterial infection that left untreated can result in systemic complications as well as death

Answer 60

Syphilis

Question 61

Primary stage of syphilis

Answer 61

Appearance of genitalia chancre (non-tender ulcer)

Question 62

Secondary stage of syphilis

Answer 62

Flu-like symptoms (fever, sore throat, muscle aches, rash on hands and feet)

Question 63

Latent phase of syphilis

Answer 63

No visible signs or symptoms of the infection

Question 64

Tertiary/late stage of syphilis

Answer 64

Severe neurological and cardiovascular Damage, including vision, loss, hearing loss, and damage to the heart and blood vessels

Question 65

Treatment of syphilis

Answer 65

Antibiotics such as doxycycline

Question 66

Syphilis nursing actions

Answer 66

Perform disease reporting requirements, educate patient about abstinence during treatment. partner notification and treatment, safe sex practices, rescreening

Question 67

The most common sexually transmitted infection Characterized by genital warts and potential cancer

Answer 67

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 68

Primary risk factor for cervical cancer

Answer 68

HPV (preventable with vaccination)

Question 69

HPV vaccine should be administered before first sexual contact and first dose is typically given around age ___-___ and the second dose is given ___-___ months later

Answer 69

11-12; 6-12

Question 70

HPV is usually as symptomatic, but HPV strains that cause genital warts can result in symptoms such as

Answer 70

White or flesh-colored growths in the anogenital region or the oral cavity

Question 71

HPV patient education

Answer 71

Partner notification, annual PAP tests or more frequently if indicated