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1191: anatomy 2 > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

define reproduction

A

process by which new individuals of a species are produced and
genetic material is passed from generation to generation

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2
Q

describe somatic cells; number of chromosomes

A

◦ 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes
◦ Paired homologous chromosomes since contain same genes in same
order
◦ One chromosome from Dad, one from Mom

also known as sister chromatid

22 autosomes & 1 pair of sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes are either X or Y

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3
Q

what is a diploid chromosome in humans

A

A diploid cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes.
◦ For humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n = 46).

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4
Q

what is a gamete

A

A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of chromosomes and is haploid (n).
◦ For humans, the haploid number is 23 (n = 23)

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5
Q

at sexual maturity what do the ovaries and testes produce

A

At sexual maturity, the ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes.
◦ Secondary oocytes (female)
◦ Sperm cells (male

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6
Q

describe meiosis in humans

A

Gametes are the only types of human cells produced by meiosis, rather than
mitosis.
◦ Meiosis results in one set of chromosomes in each gamete

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7
Q

what does meiosis produce in humans

A

Meiosis results in the production
of haploid cells that contain only
23 chromosomes.

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8
Q

Which of the following is found at the beginning
of meiosis I?
a) 23 nonduplicated chromosomes
b) 46 nonduplicated chromosomes
c) 23 duplicated chromosomes
d) 46 duplicated chromosomes

A

D

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9
Q

Which of the following is found in a daughter
cell, at the end of telophase I?
a) 23 nonduplicated chromosomes
b) 46 nonduplicated chromosomes
c) 23 duplicated chromosomes
d) 46 duplicated chromosomes

A

C

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10
Q

Which of the following is found in a daughter
cell, at the end of telophase II?
a) 23 nonduplicated chromosomes
b) 46 nonduplicated chromosomes
c) 23 duplicated chromosomes
d) 46 duplicated chromosomes

A

A

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11
Q

what are the different organs of reproduction?

A

Gonads (produce gametes and secrete hormones),
◦ Ducts (transport, receive, and store gametes),
◦ Accessory sex glands (produce materials that support gametes).
◦ Supporting structures help in the delivery and joining of gametes

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12
Q

what structures are part of the female reproductive system

what do the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and mammary glands do?

A

◦ Two ovaries (gonads)
◦ Produce oocytes and hormones
◦ Two uterine (Fallopian) tubes
◦ Transport fertilized ova
◦ Uterus
◦ Fetal development
◦ Vagina
◦ Vulva
◦ Mammary glands
◦ Produce milk

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13
Q

what are the two different repoductive ligaments in the female reproductive system and what do they support?

A

The broad ligament is a major
support for the uterus (provides
side-to-side and rotational support)
The ovarian ligaments provide
support for the ovaries

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14
Q

describe the structure of the ovaries

A

located on either side of the
uterus, ovaries are maintained
in position by a series of
ligaments

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15
Q

where are the ovarian follicles and what do they contain?

A

ovarian follicles lie in the
cortex and consist of oocytes
in various stages of
development

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16
Q

where does oogenesis occur

A

in the ovaries

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17
Q

what does oogenesis result in

A

the formation of dingle haploid oocyte -> the female gamete

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18
Q

what happens to the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte while oogenesis is occuring

A

While oogenesis is occurring, the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte are also
undergoing developmental changes

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19
Q

describe supporting cells and their function

A

Follicles consist of oocytes in various stages of development, and all
supporting cells known as follicular cells
or granulosa cells
(depending on
their stage) →nourish and secrete estrogens as the follicle grows

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20
Q

describe follicular development

A
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21
Q

how to eggs develop in a female

A

Germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary and become oogonia
◦ In the female fetus, oogonia divide to produce millions by mitosis but most
degenerate (atresia)
◦ Some develop into primary oocytes and stop in prophase stage of meiosis I
(prophase I)
◦ 200,000 to 2 million are present at birth
◦ 40,000 remain at puberty, but only 400 mature during a woman’s life

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22
Q

what happens to the egg of a female every moth. What needs to happen for meiosis to occur

A

Each month, hormones cause meiosis I to resume in several follicles so that
meiosis II is reached just before ovulation
Penetration by the sperm causes the final stages of meiosis to occur

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23
Q

describe the process of follicular development

A
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24
Q

describe follicular development and oogenesis

A
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25
In oogenesis, what structures contain the “extra” chromosomes? a) Primary oocyte b) Polar bodies c) Corona radiata d) Follicle cells
B
26
In oogenesis, how many chromosomes do polar bodies contain? a) 23 b) 46 c) 46 in the first polar body, and 23 in the second polar body d) 23 or 46, depending if first polar body divides again
A
27
What is required for meiosis II to be completed? a) FSH b) LH c) Ovulation d) Estrogen e) Fertilization
E
28
what is the function of the fallopian (uterine) tubes
transport oocyte from the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal sites of fertilization
29
function of fimbriae. (finger like things on top of ovaries)
sweep oocyte into the uterine tube
30
function of cilia in uterus
cilia (from ciliated columnar epithelium) & peristalsis (from smooth muscle of muscularis layer) move oocyte along
31
where does sperm reach oocyte and what happens after
*sperm reaches oocyte (generally in ampulla), fertilization occurs within 24 hours after ovulation *zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after ovulation
32
function of uterus
Functions in Transport of spermatozoa Menstruation Implantation of a fertilized ovum Development of a fetus during pregnancy Labour
33
describe the different tissue layers of the uterus
outer perimetrium (serosa) ◦ CT layer middle myometrium ◦ smooth muscle layers, contract under influence of oxytocin during labor inner endometrium ◦ stratum functionalis (shed during menstruation) ◦ stratum basalis (gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
34
What primary tissue type is found in the uterine myometrium? a) Smooth muscle b) Striated muscle c) Simple columnar epithelium d) Glandular epithelium e) Collagenous connective tissue
A
35
Which of these is lost during menses? a) Functional layer of endometrium b) Functional layer of myometrium c) Basal layer of endometrium d) Uterine glands of endometrium e) Entire endometrium
A
36
what do the secretory cells of the mucosaof the cervix produce. When are they less / more receptive to sperm
Secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix produce a cervical mucus (a mixture of water, glycoprotein, serum type proteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts) ◦ when thin, is more receptive to sperm ◦ when thick, forms a cervical plug that physically impedes sperm penetration ◦ mucus supplements the energy needs of the sperm.
37
describe the vagina and its 3 basic functions
The vagina is a fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix. It is composed of both longitudinal and circular muscle, and has 3 basic functions: ◦ Serve as a passageway ◦ for menstrual flow ◦ Receive sperm ◦ Form the lower ◦ birth canal
38
what does the vulva refer to
The vulva (female external genitalia) refers to the: ◦ Mons pubis (created by adipose tissue) ◦ Erectile tissue of the clitoris ◦ Labia majora (outer limits of vulva) and labia minora (cover the vestibule) ◦ Vestibule, the area between the labia minora ◦ Vaginal orifice (opening
39
what is the perineum. What happens to it during childbirth
Diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus During childbirth, the emerging fetus may cause excessive stretching and tearing of the perineum
40
describe the function of the mammary glands and how prolactin and oxytocin play a role
Responsible for milk production (lactation) ◦ Function in synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk ◦ Prolactin (along with estrogens and progesterone) stimulate milk production ◦ Contractions of myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli help eject milk – stimulated by oxytocin, in response to suckling
41
what are lactiferous ducts
Each breast has a pigmented projection nipple that has a series of openings that are called lactiferous ducts where milk is expelled
42
what is the areola
the circular pigmented area of the brestes
43
what are suspensory (coopers) ligaments
Suspensory (Coopers) ligaments run between the skin and fascia to support the breasts → become looser with age
44
describe the structure of the mammary glands
Within each mammary gland are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk There are 15-20 lobes that are separated by adipose tissue Amount of adipose tissue determines size of breast Each lobe has several lobules that are clusters of alveoli which secrete milk into ducts
45
what is the female reproductive cycle controlled by and what 2 parts does it consist of?
Controlled by monthly hormone cycle of anterior pituitary, hypothalamus & ovary Ovarian cycle ◦ changes in ovary during & after maturation of oocyte The uterine (menstrual) cycle ◦ involves changes in the endometrium ◦ preparation of uterus to receive fertilized ovum ◦ if implantation does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation
46
47
What hormone is secreted ONLY by the corpus luteum? a) Progesterone b) Estrogen c) FSH d) Luteinizing hormone
A
48
3 steps of ovulation
1. high levels of estrogen from almost mature follicle stimulate release of more GnRH and LH 2. GnRH promote and release FSH and more LH 3.LH surge brings about ovulation
49
50
what happens when the mature follicle has become a corpus luteum
the ovary, the mature follicle has become a corpus luteum, a temporary structure essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females ◦ It secretes estrogens and progesterone, which are responsible for the thickening and maintenance of the endometrium, respectively ◦ After approx. 14 days, if the oocyte II is not fertilized, the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and degenerates into a corpus albicans (a mass of fibrous scar tissue
51
what happens is fertilization occurs and corpus luteum is "rescued"
If, on the other hand, fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is “rescued” from degeneration by a hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG – produced by the developing embryo). With hCG support, the corpus luteum goes on to produce hormones well into the 1st trimester until the placenta can take over
52
On what day in a typical ovarian cycle is luteinizing hormone secreted? a) Days 1 – 3 b) Days 13 – 14 c) Days 20 – 22 d) Day 28
b) 13-14
53
What event marks the beginning of the ovary’s luteal phase? a) Fertilization b) Menstruation c) Implantation d) Ovulation
D
54
The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is associated with a) Increased secretion of progesterone and formation of the corpus albicans. b) Increased secretion of progesterone and formation of the corpus luteum. c) Increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and rupture of the mature follicle. d) Increased secretion of estrogen and maturation of the secondary follicle.
B
55
describe the window or opportunity for fertilization
The window of opportunity for fertilization to happen is approximately 2 days before ovulation to 1 day after ovulation (the sperm can survive 48-72 hrs in the uterine tube)
56
what happens at the moment of conception
At the moment of conception, the successful sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the 2o oocyte and the nuclear material of the two cells unite to reconstitute the normal number of chromosomes (2n) ◦ The new diploid cell is called a zygote
57
describe the role of estrogen in the body
is responsible for the thickening of the endometrium, and for the regulation of follicle development ◦ is responsible for the presence of secondary sex characteristics (adipose tissue in the breasts, mons pubis, abdomen, and hips, voice pitch, and broad pelvis) ◦ it also lowers blood cholesterol and assists with fluid and electrolyte balance and protein anabolism
58
describe the role of progesterone in the female body
Progesterone is the principal hormone responsible for maturation of the uterine endometrium, as well as an important player in stimulating breast development ◦ It inhibits GnRH and LH through a negative feedback loop
59
describe relaxin
Relaxin is released by the corpus luteum; ◦ it relaxes the myometrium and the pubic symphysis at the end of pregnancy
60
describe inhibin
Inhibin is released by granulosa cells, and then in large amount by the corpus luteum; ◦ it inhibits FSH and LH
61
name of GnRH
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
62
describe the different structures that make up the male reproductive system
The testes make sperm and secrete hormones Ducts transport and store sperm, assist in their maturation, and convey them to the exterior Semen contains sperm plus the secretions of sex glands The penis delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract
63
what is the scrotum and what does it do
The scrotum is a cutaneous outpouching of the abdomen that supports the testes (male gonads) Location of scrotum and contraction of its smooth muscles regulate the temperature of the testes ◦ sperm survival requires ~3 degrees lower temperature than core body temperature ◦ contraction of muscles ◦ elevates testes on exposure to cold (can absorb body heat) ◦ warmth reverses the process
64
function of dartos and cremaster muscles
move testes closer to the body which causes scrotum to become tighter / have less surface area
65
describe the lobules in the seminiferous tubules
Each lobule is filled with 2 or 3 seminiferous tubules where sperm are formed (spermatogenesis) 200-300 compartments called lobules
66
what are the two types of cells that seminiferous tubules have?
Spermatogonia (stem cells - 2n) – single layer against basement membrane, develop into sperm cells toward the lumen * Sertoli cells (supporting cells) – internal to basement membrane and to spermatogonia, form blood-testis barrier which means that substances from blood must first pass through Sertoli cells before they reach the developing sperm
67
functions of sertoli cells
1. Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm 2. Produce fluid for sperm transport 3. Control movement of spermatogenic cells and release of sperm into lumen 4. Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm 5. Mediate effects of testosterone and FSH 6. Secrete inhibin 7. Secrete androgen-binding protein 8. Form blood-testis barrier
68
describe interstitial cells (Leydig)
Interstital cells (Leydig) are found in between the tubules, and secrete testosterone
69
how long does spermatogenesis take? describe the process
65-75 days Spermatogonia (2n) undergo mitosis – some stay as stem cells, some differentiate into primary spermatocytes (2n) Primary spermatocytes (2n) undergo meiosis I → secondary spermatocytes (n) Secondary spermatocytes (n) undergo meiosis II ➔ spermatids (n) Spermatids turn into spermatozoon (sperm cell; n)
70
result of spermatogenesis
one primary spermatocyte (2n) gives rise to 4 spermatids (n
71
Which of the following cells is diploid? a) Secondary spermatocyte b) Spermatogonium c) Spermatid d) Spermatozoon
B
72
Which of these represent the first haploid stage of spermatogenesis? a) Spermatogonia b) Primary spermatocytes c) Secondary spermatocytes d) Spermatids
C
73
describe the sperm cell
Acrosome contains enzymes that help penetrate/fertilize a secondary oocyte * Nucleus contains 23 chromosomes * Tail – microtubules for motility– mitochondria f
74
how does testosterone control spermatogenesis
before birth, stimulates development of male reproductive system ducts and descents of testes ◦ at puberty, controls the growth, development and functioning of sex organs and male secondary sex characteristics ◦ regulates male sexual behavior and sex drive, as well as spermatogenesis
75
describe control of testosterone production
76
In hot weather, the testes are protected by: a) Contraction of the cremaster muscle. b) Relaxation of the dartos muscle. c) Contraction of the cremaster muscle and relaxation of the dartos muscle. d) Movement to the outside of the pelvic cavity
B
77
describe the pathway of sperm through the ducts od the testes
78
describe the epiididymis
Comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of each testis Really long (6m), tightly-coiled tube *Site of sperm maturation (14 days) * Acquire motility and ability to fertilize oocyte *Sperm may remain in storage here for several months, after which they are either expelled or they degenerate and are reabsorbed
79
desctrivbe the ductus (vas) deferens
Loops around ureter and posterior to bladder Stores sperm and propels them from the epididymis toward the prostatic urethra during ejaculation by PERISTALSIS → 3 layers of smooth muscle *45 cm long duct *Ascends along posterior border of the epididymis *Passes over the pubic symphysis and enters the pelvic cavity
80
describe the ejaculatory ducts
Formed by union of duct from seminal vesicle and ampulla of ductus (vas) deferens (posterior to urinary bladder) Terminate in prostatic urethra Eject sperm and secretions from seminal vesicles into urethra before ejaculation
81
describe the male urethra
20 cm long passageway for urine & semen Prostatic urethra (passes through prostate) Membranous urethra (passes through deep muscles of perineum) Spongy urethra (through penis)
82
describe the accesory sex glands
While the ducts of the male reproductive system store and transport sperm cells, the accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid portion of semen 3 accessory sex glands: ◦ The seminal vesicles ◦ The prostate gland) ◦ The bulbourethral glands
83
describe the fluid from seminal vescicles
Pair of pouch-like organs found posterior to the base of bladder Secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose and other substances (about 60% of semen volume) * Alkaline nature of the fluid helps neutralize acid in the male urethra and from female reproductive tract (acidity would kill sperm) * Fructose is for ATP production by sperm * Prostaglandins contribute to sperm motility and viability
84
describe the prostate
Donut-shaped gland about the size of a golf ball which is inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the prostatic urethra The prostate secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid (pH 6.5) into the prostatic urethra, that contains: Citric acid, which can be used by sperm for ATP production Several proteolytic enzymes which liquefy coagulated semen and act as antibacterial agents
85
describe the bulbourethral glands
Paired glands located inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra, within deep muscles of perineum * Size of a pea * Ducts open into spongy urethra * Secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra that protects the passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine * Secrete mucus (lubricant
86
Which of these is NOT part of the pathway for sperm? a) Seminal glands b) Urethra c) Ductus deferens d) Epididymis
A
87
describe semen
A mixture of sperm and seminal fluid ◦ secretions from seminiferous tubules (sperm), seminal vesicles (alkaline pH, sticky), prostate (milky) and bulbourethral glands (sticky) volume ~ 2.5-5 mL 50-150 million sperm / mL ◦ If < 20 million sperm / mL, likely infertile Slightly alkaline pH (7.2-7.7) Coagulates after ~5min and reliquefies after ~10-20 min. Reliquefaction important to allow sperm motility through cervix of uterus
88
corpora cavernosa penis
HE HARD AF spongy structures composed of numerous blood sinuses (vascular spaces) lined by endothelial cells, smooth muscle and elastic CT. They fill with blood during erection
89
corpus spongiosum penis
◦ Corpus spongiosum penis: contains the spongy urethra and keeps it open during ejaculation
90
describe erection
parasympathetic reflex causes erection sexual stimulation ➔ dilation of arteries supplying the penis (nitric oxide mediates local vasodilation) Expansion of blood sinuses compresses the veins - blood is trapped
91
describe ejaculation
Ejaculation is a sympathetic reflex peristalsis in epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts and prostate propel semen into spongy urethra urination is prevented during ejaculation
92
The ___________ is/are the longest of the male reproductive system ducts. a) Rete testes b) Ductus epididymis c) Ductus deferens d) Ejaculatory duct
B
93
The structure that contributes the most to semen volume is: a) Epididymis b) Urethra c) Seminal vesicles d) Prostate e) Bulbourethral glands
C

1191: anatomy 2 (17 decks)

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