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The Human Body 309D > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

breech birth

A

deliver in which the baby is born buttocks first (butt comes out of vagina first, instead of head)

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2
Q

parturition

A

birth

usually occurs about 30 weeks after fertilization

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3
Q

lactation

A

production and ejection of milk from the mammary glands

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4
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk

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5
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

a posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection

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6
Q

zygote

A

the diploid cell resulting form the joining of an egg and sperm
first cell of a new individual

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7
Q

gamete

A

contains 1/2 the number of total chromosomes (23)

a reproductive cell that contains only 1 copy of each chromosome

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8
Q

oocyte

A

egg

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9
Q

spermatocyte

A

sperm cells in their infancy

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10
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

in the testes

where sperm is produced

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11
Q

leydig cells

A

interstitial cells that produce androgens, including testosterone

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12
Q

epididymis

A

site of sperm cell maturation and storage

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13
Q

vas deferens

A

conducts sperm from epididymis to urethra

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14
Q

urethra

A

tube through which sperm or urine leaves the body

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15
Q

prostate gland

A

surrounds upper portion of urethra

produces alkaline secretions that activate sperm and reduce acidity of male & female reproductive tracts

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16
Q

seminal vessicles

A

secretions nourish sperm, thicken semen, and assist movement of sperm in the female

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17
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

release liquid before ejaculation that may rinse acidic urine from urethra

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18
Q

fallopian tubes (oviduct)

A

conducts the egg toward the uterus

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19
Q

uterus

A

pear-shaped organ that houses and nourishes the developing baby

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20
Q

vagina

A

birth canal

where the penis goes

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21
Q

ovary

A

produces eggs and sex hormones (estrogen + progesterone)

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22
Q

testis

A

one pair of primary reproductive organs (gonads)

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23
Q

penis

A

delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract

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24
Q

HPV (Human Papiloma Virus)

A
  • transmission: contact with another’s infected genitals, childbirth
  • symptoms: genital warts, some types of cancer
  • prevention: vaccination, guardacil, ceravix
25
Gonnorrhea
STD that can cause infection in the genitals, rectum, and throat - transmission: sex with infected person, childbirth - symptoms: painful urination; white, yellow, or green discharge; painful or swollen testicles; vaginal bleeding; painful bowel movements - diagnosis: urine test or swab from throat or rectum - treatment: medication
26
Syphilis
- transmission: sex w/ infected person, contact with infected sore, childbirth - symptoms: sores on genitals or mouth; rash on hands and feet; issues with nervous system - diagnosis: blood test - treatment: penicillin
27
Chlamydia
- transmission: sex - symptoms: usually none; abnormal discharge; bleeding; pain during sex; pain while urinating - diagnosis: swab from urethra or cervix; urine test - treatment: antibiotics
28
capacitation
activation of sperm to make them capable of fertilization involves change in the membrane surrounding the sperm head takes place in female reproductive tract
29
zona pellucida
an additional barrier on the oocyte
30
monozygotic
developed from ONE egg that splits and forms 2 embryos | identical twins
31
dizygotic
developed from TWO eggs, each fertilized by separate sperm cells fraternal twins
32
blastocyte
final stage of cleavage (day 6) a blastocyte is formed | a hollow ball of cells filled with fluid-->will become embryo
33
gastrulation
key point in development has become and embryo and cells have become differentiated forms ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
34
ectoderm
outer layer of skin + hair, nails, and glands | nervous system
35
endoderm
lining of GI tract + accessory organs (liver, pancreas) | lining of urinary & respiratory tracts
36
mesoderm
muscle, bone and connective tissues, heart, kidneys, gonads
37
placenta
serves all physiological purposes for the fetus takes over production of progesterone and estrogen until 3 months into the pregnancy a hybrid tissue
38
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
keeps corpus luteum alive | produces progesterone and estrogen until placenta takes over that job
39
lutenizing hormone (LH)
controls the production of testosterone
40
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
controls the production of sperm
41
How can taking androgen supplement interfere with the production of sperm?
androgen supplements interfere with the production of spem
42
hormonal contraceptive
takes advantage of negative feedback to prevent ovulation
43
follicular phase
development of follicle
44
luteal phase
development of corpus luteum | last part of ovarian cycle
45
corpus luteum
secretes estrogen and progesterone | degenerates unless pregnancy occurs
46
endometrium
inner layer of uterus | site of embryo implantation during pregnancy
47
myometrium
smooth muscle layer in the wall of the uterus
48
2 layers of uterus
endometrium & myometrium
49
pap smear/test
painless test which looks for precancerous cells on the cervix cervix is gently swabbed to collected cells to be examined
50
ectopic pregnancy
when an embryo implants in an area other than the uterus | could be fatal or result in infertility if not terminated
51
puberty
triggers ovulation
52
hormonal birth control for women
- mimics the effects of natural hormones that would ordinarily be produced by the ovaries - suppression of release of FSH and LH (w/out these the egg does not mature and is not released from the ovary)
53
What is the most effective non-abstinence birth control method at preventing STDs?
latex condom
54
critical period
1-12 weeks
55
where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tubes
56
where does implantation occur?
uterus
57
functions of the placenta
- fetal support: provides nutrients, controls respiratory functions and fluid volume & waste - maternal immune suppression: prevents rejection of fetus - hormone production: HCG and progesterone & estrogen (beginning at about 3 months into pregnancy)
58
About how long after fertilization does implantation occur?
6 days after fertilization

The Human Body 309D (5 decks)

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