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Anatomy 2 Lecture > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Acrosin

A

Enzyme that activates the sperm

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2
Q

Neuraminidase and Hyaluronidase

A

Enzymes that help sperm penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida of ovum

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3
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Sperm are produced by germ cells in the seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

What 2 functions do the Interstitial Cells of Leydig have?

A
  1. Secrete testosterone used to develop secondary sex characteristics
  2. Work with FSH to stimulate sperm
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5
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Support cells joined tightly together to form the blood-testis barrier

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6
Q

How does the blood-testis barrier protect sperm from the immune system?

A

It prevents an immune response towards the surface antigens on sperm

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7
Q

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

A

-Secreted by Sertoli cells during the early stages of fetal life
Result: The male reproductive duct develops; thus if mullerian duct developed, the women’s reproductive duct would develop

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8
Q

Inhibins and Activins

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells after puberty

- They work together tp regulate FSH secretion

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9
Q

Androgen Binding Protein

A
  • AKA Testerone binding globulin

- Increases testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules to stimulate spermatogenesis

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10
Q

Estradiol

A

Aromatase from Sertoli cells convert testosterone to 17 beta estradiol to DIRECT spermatogenesis

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11
Q

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells
  • Functions in promoting undifferentiating spermatogonia, which ensures stem cell self-renewal during the perinatal (after birth) period
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12
Q

ETS Related Molecule

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells
  • AKA ERM transcription factor
  • Needed for maintenance of the spermatogonial stem cell in the adult testis
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13
Q

Transferrin

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells

- A blood plasma protein for iron ion delivery

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14
Q

Travel of Sperm

A

Leave the Seminiferous Tubules via efferent ducts-> epididymis to mature for 2 weeks consuming fructose-> vas deferens

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15
Q

The Dartos Muscle

A
  • Lines the scrotum

- Responsible for contraction of the scrotum when cold and relaxation when hot; also forms a septum in the scrotum

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16
Q

Vasectomy

A

Tying and cutting the vas deferens for contraceptive purposes; ONLY SPERM AND FRUCTOSE are being cut off (not the 3 glands)

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17
Q

Vasovasostomy

A

Reversal of a vasectomy

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18
Q

The Cremaster Muscle

A
  • Within the scrotum
  • AKA the ductus deferens or the spermatic duct
  • It leaves the epididymis carrying sperm and fructose during ejaculation
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19
Q

What is semen made of?

A

Sperm, secretions from the seminal vesicle, prostate, and cowper’s/bulbourethral gland

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20
Q

Seminal Vesicle Secretions

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A

An alkaline, viscous fluid high in fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen

21
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

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A

It coagulates and thus thickens the semen

22
Q

Prostate Secretions

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A

A milky secretion containing citric acid (used by sperm make ATP), enzymes that work with fibrinogen to coagulate semen and seminal plasmin
*Makes the semen white

23
Q

Seminal plasmin

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A

Antibiotic that destroys certain bacteria; Keeps the bacteria in the vagina under control to protect the entering sperm and ensure fertilization

24
Q

Cowper’s/ Bulbourethral Gland

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A

An alkaline liquid used to lubricate the urethra for smooth passage of semen and to neutralize vaginal and residual urethral acidity

25
What is the name and function of the erectile tissue in the penis?
Creation of sensation | 2: Corpus spongiosum(surrounds the urethra) and corpus cavernosum(surrounds the deep artery)
26
How is an erection brought about?
The PNS causes vasodilation and gorging of the erectile tissue
27
How is ejaculation brought about?
The SNS stimulates the bulbospongiosus muscle to contract and force semen out. The contraction is under the control of a spinal reflex in the saccral spinal nerves.
28
Glans Penis
The head of the penis and contains the most concentrated mass of nerve endings for stimulation.
29
Why is a semen analysis done?
If there is a problem with infertility
30
Semen Analysis looks at...
1) Volume- 2.5-5 cc(ml) 2) Sperm Count- 50 to 150 million/cc; 20 is considered infertility 3) pH- should be alkaline 4) Morphology- acceptable malformations of sperm are 30-35%; more leads to infertility 5) Liquefaction should occur in 10-20 minutes (slowed= enzyme problem) 6) Motility- how well the sperm move and properly
31
Orchitis
Inflammation of the testes; can lead to a zero sperm count
32
Sperm in the Female Reproductive Tract
- viable in the tract for 24-72 hours after ejaculation | - once here, they are further activated (CAPACITATION)
33
Lining of the Vagina
- Mucous epithelial tissue to reduce friction - Helps avoid DYSPAREUNIA (painful intercourse) - And during stimulation, Bartholin's glands secrete a lubricant
34
The Clitoris
- the female equivalency to the penis in the function of stimulation and NOT FERTILIZATION - It is erectile tissue
35
The Cervix
The neck of the uterus; its opening is the "OS"
36
Nulliparous vs. Parous Cervix
- Nulli: never delivered a baby vaginally; small circle os | - Parous: delivered at least 1 baby vaginallu
37
Layers of the Uterus
Out to in: Perimetrium, Myometrium (smooth muscle and thickest layer), Endometrium
38
The Endometrium
- Shed each month during the period | - Highly vascularized and has 3 components
39
Components of the Endometrium
1) Innermost layer composed of simple columnar epithelium lines the lumen 2) An underlying endometrial stroma; a very thick region of lamina propria (areolar CT) 3) Two Layers: Stratum functionalis- lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation; Stratum basalis- the permanent layer that gives rise to a new stratum funct. after each period
40
Where is the ovum(egg) housed?
The ovarian follicle
41
The Travel of the Egg
Egg released during ovulation-> trapped by the fimbriae of the fallopian tube-> movement of the egg towards the uterus via cilia
42
Embryo Implantation
- After fertilization and occurs in the fallopian tube usually on day 9 - Implants into the posterior uterine wall
43
How do identical twins occurs?
- AKA monozygotic, maternal - Came from 1 zygote, 1 egg, 1 sperm, 1 set of genes - Occur due to the splitting of the embryo after one cleavage
44
How do non-identical twins occur?
- AKA dizygotic, fraternal - From both ovaries, 2 eggs viable to be fertilized; the result of 2 ovulations and 2 sperm - Gender depends on law of independent assortment
45
Corpus Luteum (yellow body)
- The state of the empty follicle after ovulation - secretes progesterone to maintain the endometrium * A functional part of the menstrual cycle and maintenance of pregnancy
46
Corpus Albicans (white body)
- if fertilization DOESN'T happen, the corpus luteum deteriorates into this - progesterone levels fall off - The endometrium degenerates and the period begins
47
Chorion
- an extraembryonic membrane that mimics luteinizing hormone - if pregnancy occurs, the developing embryo produces hCG from this membrane - stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone
48
Ectopic Pregnancy
When the developing embryo implants outside and not inside te uterus. The most common site for this the Fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy)
49
Dystocia
Painful labor | *Pain reduction: epidural injected into epidural space which numbs nerves

Anatomy 2 Lecture (3 decks)

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