Reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
Upon ovulation , the oocytes is released into the?
A
abdominal cavity
2
Q
Cell Cycle phases
A
Interphase, G0, G1, S, G2, M
3
Q
G0 stage
A
the cell is living and serving its function ( i.e nerve cells)
4
Q
G1 stage
A
- Grow in size
- Create organelles
- DNA quality control checkpoint by p53
5
Q
S phase
A
- Replication
- 46 chromosomes present
6
Q
G2 phase
A
- DNA and organelle quality control checkpoint by p53
7
Q
M phase
A
- 4 phases within
- Include cytokinesis.
8
Q
Control of the cell cycle
A
- Cdk and cyclin complex forms
- Cdk phosphorylate Transcription factors
- Transcription factors initiate transcription
9
Q
Cancer
A
- Result of deranged cycle regardless of quality or quantity.
- Caused by mutated p53
- Metastasis is a result of blood vessel formation
10
Q
Mitosis Consist of 4 phases
A
Prophase
Metaphae
Anaphase
Telophase
11
Q
Prophase
A
- Chromatin condensation
- Centrioles polarize , localize at centrosome, form spindle and kinetochore fibers, express asters that anchor them to cell membrane
- Nuclear membrane dissolves
- Kinetochore appear on centromere.
12
Q
Metaphase
A
- Chromosome aligns at metaphase plate (equatorial plate)
- Kinetochore fibers attach to kinetochore.
13
Q
Anaphase
A
- sister chromatids split
- Shortening of kinetochore fibers.
14
Q
Telophase and cytokinesis.
A
- Spindle disappears
- Nuclear membrane reforms
- Chromosomes uncoil
- Separation of cytoplasm and organelles
15
Q
Meiosisproduces four unidentical cells
Why?
A
crossing over , random fertilization, and independent assortment of chromosomes (Mendel’s law).
16
Q
other name for Meiosis
A
Reductional division
17
Q
other name for mitosis
A
Equatorial division
18
Q
Sex-linked disorders
A
- Males are hemizygous; expressing any defects
- Females are homozygous; carrier of the defect.
19
Q
Y chromosome
A
- Contains SRY gene; formation of male gonads.
20
Q
seminiferous tubules
A
Sperm production and nourishment by Sertoli cells
21
Q
Cells of leydig
A
- Secrete testosterone
- Binds LH
22
Q
Epididymis
A
- Spermiogenesis (maturation)
23
Q
Vas deferens
A
- Raises and lowers testes according to temp
- Leads sperm to ejaculatory duct
24
Q
Ejaculatory ducts
A
- Posterior to prostate
- Fuse into urethra
25
Urethra
- Final tunnel before exiting
26
Seminal vesicle
- Adds fructose for ATP
27
Bulbourethral gland
- Cleans out remnants of urine
| - Lubricatres urethra
28
Spermatogenesis
- Formation of haploid sperm
29
Purpose of acrosome vesicle
- to penetrate granulosa cells and corona radiata.
30
ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone
31
Fallopian tube ( isthmus, ampula, fimbrae)
- Propels egg forward
32
Uterus
- zygote development
| - Myometrium, endometrium
33
Ovulation
is between puberty and menopause (≈400 ovums
34
Oogenesis
- Started before birth
- Formation of haploid ovum
- Limited time process
- By puberty: diploid primary oocytes arrested at Prophase I (diplotene)
- Menarche: first menstrual cycle
35
Zona pellucida
- Protect oocyte
- Made of glycoproteins
- Degraded by sperm acrosin (zona lysin)
36
Each menstrual cycle
secretion of haploid secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase II
37
Corona radiata
- Granulosa cells
| - Degraded by acrosomal enzymes (hyaluronidase)
38
Meiosis II is completed only after______
fertilization
39
Sexual Development signal pathway for men
- GnRH released (hypothalamus) → FSH and LH are released (anterior pituitary) → sexual development.
40
Sexual Development signal pathway for Women
GnRH released (hypothalamus) → FSH and LH are released (anterior pituitary) → ovaries → estrogen and progesterone
41
Male sexual development facts
- Androgens production (fetal period)
- Androgen levels low (pre-puberscent)
- Androgen levels high and sperm production (post-puberty)
- LH stimulates cells of leydig to produce testosterone
42
Ovaries produce_____ & ______
Estrogen and Progesterone
43
Estrogen facts
- as a response to FSH
- Maintain secondary sexual characteristics ( breast, hips, etc)
- Stimulate development of reproductive tract
- establishes endometrium
- IN the follicular phase, exerts negative feedback to FSH, LH, and GnRH pulsations. However, as estrogen rises towards ti peak concentration, this negative feedback switches to a positive feedback system.
44
Progesterone facts
- Secreted by corpus luteum (granulosa + thecal cells)
- Stimulates endometrium secretory phase
- exerts negative feedback on GnRH, FSH, and LH.
- Supplied by placenta during pregnancy
45
Follicular phase
- Egg develops
- Endometrial lining becomes vascularized glandularized
- FSH ⇡
- Estrogen ⇣, then ⇡
- Progesterone ⇣
46
Ovulation
- Egg is released
- FSH ⇡
- LH ⇡⇡
- Estrogen ⇡
- Progesterone ⇣
47
Luteal phase
- Corpus Luteum secretes progestrone
- FSH ⇣
- Estrogen ⇡
- Progesterone ⇡ ⇡
48
Endometrium cycle
- Shedding of endometrial lining
- FSH ⇣
- LH ⇣
- Estrogen ⇣
- Progesterone ⇣
49
Key difference between mitosis and Meiosis
During metaphase of MITOSIS, centromeres are present directly on the metaphase plate; during metaphase of MEIOSIS, there are no centromers on the metaphase plate.
50
A female embryo will have an X chromosome exactly identical to who?
The father
"if there are two of a kind of chromosome , those chromosomes will be subjected to CROSSING OVER, during prophase I."
The father's X chromosome won't have the opportunity for crossing over.
