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HUBS192 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

False pelvis

True pelvis

A

Superior
Contain GI tract
Inferior
Contains internal reproductive organs

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2
Q

Lateral ends of urogential triangle

A

Ischium

On pelvic

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3
Q

Inlet and outlet features

A

Inlet open
Outlet closed by pelvic diaphragm (supports internal organs)
Inlet > Outlet

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4
Q

Female pelvis

A

Broader subpubic angle >100
Oval inlet
Straighter coccyx

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5
Q

Male pelvis

A

Narrower <90
Heart inlet
Curved coccyx

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6
Q

Perineum

A

B/w upper region of thighs

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7
Q

Urogenital triangle

A

Urthral opening

External genitalia

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8
Q

Anus triangle

A

Anal canal

Adipose tissue

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9
Q

Scrotum

A

2 testes
2 epididymides
2 spermatic cords

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10
Q

Spermatic cords

A

Ductus deferens
Nerves, lymphatics
Testicular artery

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11
Q

Testes

A

Surrounded by dense fiborous capsule: tunica albuginea

Lobules -> seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> ductules to epididymis

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12
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Interstital endocrine (Leydig) cells
Nurse (sertoli) cells
Spermatogenic cells

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13
Q

Interstital endocrine (Leydig) cells

A

Testosterone

Outside tubules

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14
Q

Nurse (sertoli) cells

A

Inhibin

Inside tubules

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15
Q

Epididymis

A

Head, body, tail

Sperm maturation

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16
Q

Ductus deferns

A

Runs behind bladder

Dilates into ampulla

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17
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

Union of ducts from seminal vesicle and ampulla

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18
Q

Urethra external spincters

A

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary

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19
Q

Urethra internal spincters

A

Detrusor muslce

Closes bladder during ejaculation

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20
Q

Retrograde ejaculation

A

Doesn’t close, sperm in bladder

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21
Q

Scrotum positioning

A

Away from body

~34 degrees

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22
Q

Dartos muscle - scrotum

A

Lines scrotum

Contracts = wrinkly - changes SA for heat exchange (decrease SA)

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23
Q

Cremaster muscle - scrotum

A

Contracts for heat conservation (move testes closer to body)

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24
Q

Penis dorsal and ventral sides

A

Dorsal - closest to external surrouding

Ventral - closest to body

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25
Q

3 cylindrical erectile tissue

A

2 corpora cavernosa

1 corpus sponginsum

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26
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

Main erectile tissue

Dorsal

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27
Q

Corpus sponginsum

A

Urethra
Forms bulb and glands
Ventral

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28
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

60% semen

Alkaline - protection - acidic vagina and urethra

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29
Q

Prostate gland

A

30% semem
Slighty acidic, milky fluid
PSA: prostate - specific antigen
Sperm activation, viability, motility

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30
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

5% semen
In urogential diaphragm (skeletal muscle)
Lubicates and neutralise acidity prior ejaculation

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31
Q

Vasectomy

A

Cut ductus deferens

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32
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of gametes in males
From puberty onwards
In seminiferous tublues

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33
Q

Spermatogenesis step 1

A

Spermatogenia -> 2 daughter cells via mitosis

1 spermatogonium stays at basement membrane -> continues process

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34
Q

Spermatogenesis step 2

A

Other spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte (diploid)

Meiosis 1 = 2 secondary spermatolytes (haploid)

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35
Q

Spermatogenesis step 3

A

Meiosis 2 = 4 spermatids (23)

Spermiogenesis - differentiates -> spermatozoa

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36
Q

Gonadotropin

A

Hormone that acts on gonards

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37
Q

GnRH

A

Hypothalamus

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38
Q

LH

A

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates testosterone production

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39
Q

FSH

A

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates inhibin production

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40
Q

FSH and testosterone

A

controls spermatogenesis

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41
Q

Vulva

A

Mons pubis
Labia
Vestibule
Clitoris

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42
Q

Mons pubis

A

Front pubic symphysis

Adipose tissue

43
Q

Labia

A

Major (lateral)

Minor (medial)

44
Q

Deep labia =

A

Vestibular glands

Lubicate vaginal orifice

45
Q

Clitoris

A

Grans, body, crura x2, bulbs x2

46
Q

Uterine tubes

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

47
Q

Infundibulum

A

Finger-like projects - fimbriae

Guides oocytes into tubes

48
Q

Ampulla

A

Site where fertilisation normally occurs

49
Q

Layers of uterus

A

Perimetrium (connective tissue)
Myometrium (smooth muscle)
Endometrium

50
Q

Endometrium

A

Columnar epithelium, glands, arteries
Affected by menstrual cycle
2 layers upper: functional, lower: basal

51
Q

Cervix

A 
B/w uterine cavity and vagina
External os
Cervical canal
Internal os
Produce cervical mucose and regulate sperm transport
52
Q

Vagina

A

Fibromuscular, distensible

Birth canal

53
Q

Vaginal artery

A

Off internal iliac arteries

54
Q

Urterine artery

A

Off internal iliac arteries

Diverge into arcuate and then radical arteries

55
Q

Radical artery =

A

Straight (basal layer) and coiled (functional layer)

56
Q

Spiral (coiled) artery

A

Main source - blood loss

Changed and remodelled during pregnancy (placenta)

57
Q

Ovary

A

Lateral, posterior to urterus
Outer - cortex (follicles)
Inner - medulla (blood vessels, etc)

58
Q

Ligaments main

A

Broad ligament

Fold and pressed together to form other ligaments

59
Q

Ligament womb

A

Mesometrium

60
Q

Ligament tube

A

Mesosalpinx

61
Q

Ligament ovary

A

Mesovarium

62
Q

Ligament supporting

A

Ovarian
Suspensory
Round

63
Q

Broad ligament over bladder

A

Vesicouterine pouch

64
Q

Broad ligament over rectum

A

Rectouterine pouch

65
Q

Breasts structure

A

Lobes -> lobules -> alveoli -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses -> nipple

66
Q

Breasts support

A

Suspensory ligament

On perctoralis major muscles

67
Q

Breasts development

A

Estradiol & progesterone

68
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of oocyte
Lifetime produced before birth
1 ovulation = ~28 days

69
Q

Oogonium

A

Stem cell

70
Q

Follicles features

A

Multilayered
Granulosa cells -> produce estradiol
Theca cells

71
Q

Ovulation

A

Oocyte + corona radiate

Released into pertioneal cavity

72
Q

FSH

A

Growth ovarian follicles

73
Q

LH

A

Increase = ovulation

Formation corpus luteum

74
Q

Estradiol

A

Follicle growth, endometrial growth

From developing follicle

75
Q

Inhibin

A

-ve feedback -> FSH

76
Q

Progesterone

A

-ve GnRH
Endometrial maturation, maintains pregnant state
From corpus luteum

77
Q

Menarche

A

1st period
12-13y
Estrogen

78
Q

Menopause

A

No menstraction
Early 50s
Decrease pro & est
Increase FSH & LH

79
Q

Coitus

A

Sexual intercourse

80
Q

Intromission

A

Erect penis + vagina

81
Q

Erection stimuli

A

Visual, mental

Stimlation of gential region down pudendal nerve

82
Q

Erection process in penis

A

Parasympathetic
Nitric oxide - vasodilutor - from deep arteries
Fill lacunae = engorgment erectile tissue (blood)

83
Q

Erection process in surrounding

A

Trabecular muscle relax

Bulbourethral fluid secreted

84
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

1) Emission
2) Expulsion

85
Q

Emission process

A 
Smooth muscle (dustus deferens) = peristaltic contractions = move sperm to ampulla
Smooth muscle of ampulla, prostate gland and seminal vesicles contract = sperm in urethra
86
Q

Expulsion process

A

Semen in urethra = afferent signals = somatic & sympathetic reflexes
Urethral smooth muscle and pelvis floor contracts

87
Q

Sympathetic reflexes of expulsion

A

Accessory glands
Additional secretion from prostate gland & seminal vesicles
Internal sphincter contracts

88
Q

Somatic reflexes of expulsion

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle
Contracts on bulb/root
Semen ejected

89
Q

Resolution process

A

Blood flow restricted
Internal pudendal artery constricts and trabecular muscles contrasts
Flaccid - detumescent

90
Q

Refractory period

A

Duration of time a male is unable to obain an erection

91
Q

Female arousal process

A

Automonic stimulation
Engorgement clit, labia, vagina
Lubicating fluid through vaginal wall, greater vestibular glands = mucus into vestibule
Increase length, width of vagina, uterus elevates upwards
Contraction of muscles (vaginal, uterine, perineal)

92
Q

Anatomy clit vs penis

A

Homologous

Erectile tissue

93
Q

Blood flow of penis

A

Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Internal pudendal artery

94
Q

Blood flow male from internal pudendal artery

A

To perineum and external genitalia

Penis - bulb, urethral, dorsal, deep (cavernosal)

95
Q

Nerve suppy in penis

A

Pudendal nerve
Sensory (touch, temp, pressure) and somatic motor innervation (stimulation of gentilia)
Automatic innervation to penis via pelvic plexus (para & sym)

96
Q

Natural contraceptions

A

Periodic abstinence
Coitus interruptus
Lactational infertility
High failure rate

97
Q

Artifical methods barriers

A

Caps, diaphragms
Imparfect barrier + spermicidal
Remain at least 6 hours after intercourse

Condoms
Reduce STI

98
Q

Oral contraceptive pills

A 
Estrogen + progestin
Suppress ovulation (affect feedback loop) 
Affect mucus (prevent sperm penetration)
99
Q

Progesterone - only pill

A

Low dose progestin

Effects cervical mucus

100
Q

Implant

A

Long lasting

Disrupts follicular growth & ovulation

101
Q

Copper IUD

A

Low grade inflammation
Reduce sperm transport
Toxic to oocyte & zygote

102
Q

Hormonal IUD

A

Progestins
Reduce sperm transport
Affect endometrium = prevent implantation

103
Q

Sterilisation

A

Tubal ligation - cut uterine tubes

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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