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Endocrinology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What does the seminal fluid consist of

A

Fructose

Bicorbonate

Citric acid

Fibrinogen

Fibrinolytic enzymes

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2
Q

Why is the testes suspended in the scrotum

A

Keep temperatures 2-3 degrees lower than body

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3
Q

What is the role of the epidydimis

A

Stores and matures the sperm

If not ejaculated broken down

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4
Q

What is the ductus deferenes/ vas

A

Transport sperm to penis

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5
Q

What does prostate and seminal vesicles do

A

Secrete seminal fluid to support ejaculated sperm

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6
Q

What muscles are the penis made up of

A

2 corpora cavvernose

1 corpus spongiosum

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7
Q

What type of stimulation is erection

A

Arterial relaxation due to parasympathetic stimulates, results in increase pressure which obstructs venous drainage

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8
Q

What do the bulbo-urethral glands do

A

Secretes sugar-rich mucus into urethra for lubrication and contribute to pre-ejaculatory emissions

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9
Q

What does the spermatic cord do

A

Suspends the tests

passes along inguinal canal and down to scrotum

contains - vas deferenes, testicular artery, pampiniform, plexus of veins, autonomic nerves, lymph bessels, artery of vas, cremasteric artery, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, remnants of processus vaginalis

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10
Q

How is the testes arterial blood supply

A

Testicular arteries from aorta via spermatic cord

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11
Q

What part of the testes can be palpated

A

Epidydmis

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12
Q

What is the tunica vasculosa

A

It contains the blood vessels

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13
Q

What is the tunica albuginea

A

Thick layer that forms the septa dividing the testis into lobules

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14
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis

A

Covers testis and epidydimis

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15
Q

What is the anatomy of the the testes

A
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16
Q

What is the anatomy of the male reproductive tract

A
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17
Q

Where do the seminiferous tubules drain into

A

Epidydimis

Contain closed loops

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18
Q

Why is the vas deferens easily palpatable

A

Surrounded by smooth muslce

Travels with the testicular artery/veins/nerves in the spermatic cord

Allows male sterilisation easier

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19
Q

Where are the ovaries situated in

A

Peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

How does fallopian tubes carry egg

A

Have cilia and spiral muscles sensitive to oestrogen levels

If it doesn’t move down properly then susceptible to ectopic

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21
Q

Where does fertilisation in the fallopian tube take place

A

Widest section called ampulla

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22
Q

How is the uterus supported

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A

Tone of pelvic floor - levator ani and coccygeus muscles

Ligaments - broad, round and uterosacral ligaments

23
Q

What are the different layers of the uterus

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A

Serosa - peritoneal covering

Myometrium - thick smooth muscle layer sensitive to hormones

Endometrium

24
Q

What is the process of the period

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A

Intermittent vasoconstriction

Ischaemia/necrosis causing shedding

Haemorrhage of menstration

Happens as porgesterone levels fall

25
How does cervix act as a barrier
Thick cervical mucus Shedding of endometrium Glycogen released which lactobacilli digest releasing lactic acid Lowers pH ereventing infection
26
What can antibiotics do to this area of the cervix
Disrupt it which causes overgrowth and infections
27
Diagram of the female reproductive tract
28
Germ cells across lifespan
29
Gametogenesis for male
30
What is the tunica propria composed of
Flattened cells, several cells thick forming a basement membrane Most of the cells lying against the basement membrane and have round nuclei are spermatogonia
31
What is the function of sertoli cell
Within seminiferous tubules FSH receptors Support developing germ cells - movement of germ cells to tubular lumen, nutrients from capillaries to developing germ cells, pahgocytosis of damaged germ cells Hormone synthesis - (inhibin and activin on FSH), anti-mullerian homrone (regression of mullerian ducts), androgen binding protein (directs t to germ cells)
32
What is the function of leydig cells
Secrete hormones outside of the tubules Pale cytoplaqsm as cholestrol-rcih LH receptors homrone synthesis - androgens(testerone/oestrogens), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone
33
Diagram of the seminiferous tubules
34
35
Picture of gametogenesis in female
Meiotic dision halted at prophase until menarche This is during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy Formes primordial follicles
36
Diagram of folliculogenesis
37
Steps of folliculogenesis
1. Primordial follic 2. Primary (preantral) follicle - layers of granulosa cells and outer theca cells 3. Secondary (antral) follicle - antrum develops, develop FSH and LH receptors 4. Mature (preovulatory) follice - forms due to LH surge, secondary oocyte formed 5. Ruptures surface of ovary 6. 7 - Corpus luteum - produces progesterone and oestrogen
38
Anatomy of the mature follicle
Outer theca cells produce androgens Granulosa cells bind to FSH to aromatise androgens to oestrogens Lots of follicles develop but dominant follicle overtakes as produces most oestrogen
39
What does the theca cell do
Associated with outer part of the ovarian follicles Supports folliculogensis - structurally and nutritional Hormone synthesis - LH stimulates synthesis of androgens,
40
What does the granulosa cell do
Inner part of ovarian follciiles Hormone synthesis - FSH sitmulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens by aromatase. Secretes inhibin and activin After ovulation - turns into granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone and relaxine
41
Where does human steroidogensis occur
42
Where does human steroidgenesis occur in men
Leydig cell
43
Diagram of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
44
How does hyperprolactinaemia inhibit kisspeptin
Binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin Inhibits kisspeptin release Decrease in GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest
45
What feedback loops are involved in the menstrual cycle
Hypothalamic kisspeptin and GnRH Ovarian oestrogen, progesterone, activin and inhibin Pituitary LH and FSH
46
Picture of the menstural cycle
47
What happens in the follicular phase of menstrual cycle
LH and FSH rises FSH stimulates follicles to mature which makes oestrogen Oestrogens stimulates synthesis of LH receptors Most of the oestrogen is from dominant follicle and FSH dips due to negative feedback As oestrogen rises there is a switch to positive feedback resulting in LH surge and reduce in FSH LH surge results in maturation and relese of the dominant follicle
48
What happens to the menstrual phase of uterine cycle
Ishchaemic and necrotic functional laeyr of endometrium is shed along with blood from spinal arteries
49
What happens in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
Endometrium proliferates to form a new functional layer and cervical mucus thins
50
What happenes in the lutueal phase of ovarian cycle
Average length is 14d depend on CL Progesterone is dominant and inhibitds LH and FSH CL breaks down slowly unless hCG is present - produced by implanting conceptus
51
What happens in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle
Endometrium secretes a glycogen-rich fluid in preparation fora. potential embryo As progesterone and O fall,arteries constrict and cases ischaemia and necrosis
52
Why does the body temperature dip 0.5 degrees during ovulation
Due to progesterone
53

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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