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Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture > Reproductive system- Female > Flashcards

Reproductive system- Female Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is the female gonad

A

the ovary
-the ovary produces the oocyte and the hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

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2
Q

Structures in the female reproductive system

A

-ovaries
-fallopian (uterine) tubes
-uterus
-vagina
-vulva/ pudendum (external structure)

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3
Q

Ovaries

A

-almond-shaped glands located in the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity
-the position is maintained ligaments

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4
Q

broad ligaments

A

-flap of visceral peritoneum that encloses and anchors the uterine tubes, ovaries, and uterus

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5
Q

mesovarium

A

-part of the broad ligament that anchors the ovary

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6
Q

ovarian ligament

A

-anchors the ovary to the uterus

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7
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

-anchors the ovary to the pelvic cavity wall

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8
Q

What supply blood to the ovary

A

ovarian arteries and ovarian branch of the uterine artery

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9
Q

cortex of the ovary

A

-the outer region
-contains the ovarian follicles (structures in which the egg/oocyte develop)

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10
Q

medulla of the ovary

A

-the inner region
-largest blood vessels and connective tissue found here

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11
Q

germinal epithelium

A

-layer of cuboidal epithelial cells that cover the ovary’s surface

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12
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

-Dense fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the ovaries

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13
Q

stroma

A

-connective tissue framework that reinforces the interior of the ovary

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14
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

structures containing the developing oocyte

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15
Q

graafian follicle (vesicular ovarian follicle)

A

-fully mature follicle containing a fluid filled cavity (antrum)

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16
Q

corpus luteum

A

-after the oocyte is ejected from the graafian follicle, the follicle is transformed into the corpus luteum

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17
Q

Oogenesis: Producing the Ova

A
  1. each follicle contains one sex cell (oocyte) surrounded by various layers of cells
  2. every month one of these ovarian follicle fully matures
  3. these fully mature ovarian follicles is called the graafian follicle (vesicular follicle)
  4. the oocyte is suspended within the antrum by a ring of cells tethered to the follicle (corona radiata)
  5. One graafian follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte into the peritoneal cavity
  6. The ruptured follicle become the corpus luteum and produces (progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin)
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18
Q

antrum

A

-large fluid filled cavity

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19
Q

ovulation

A

-when one graffian follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte into the peritoneal cavity
-caused by a surge in Luteinizing hormone

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20
Q

inhibin

A

-inhibits gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland

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21
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone work together to ….?

A

-responsible for regulating ovarian cycle
-controls fluid and electrolyte balance
-promotes gestation
-thickens the endometrium for implantation of the zygote (fertilized egg)
-prepares the mammary glands for milk secretion

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22
Q

Uterine tubes (AKA: fallopian tubes or oviducts)

A

-two hollow tubes apprx. 4 inches long and <1 cm in diameter

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23
Q

Uterine tube function

A

-transport egg towards the uterus
-site of conception (fertilization of egg)
-transport of zygote (fertilized egg) to uterus
-this takes about 5-7 days

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24
Q

How does the egg and zygote move through the uterine tube

A

-peristalsis of smooth muscle lining the uterine tube wall
-beating of cilia lining uterine tube (ciliated columnar epithelium)

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25
isthmus
-narrow region that connects to the uterus
26
ampulla
portion that expands distal to the isthmus
27
infindibulum
-funnel shaped end of the uterine tube
28
fimbriae
finger like projections of the infundibulum that drape the ovary -catcher's mitt for the egg at ovulation
29
mucosa of the uterine tube
-deep layer of the uterine tube that lines it and contains ciliated and non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells
30
Muscularis of the uterine tube
-middle layer composed of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis
31
serosa
-outermost layer composed of visceral peritoneum
32
uterus (womb)
-hollow thick walled organ shaped like a inverted pear -located in the pelvic cavity posterior/superior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum
33
Function of the uterus
- implantation of fertilized egg (zygote) -nourishment of developing embryo -growth and development of embryo--> fetus -delivery of the fetus (birth/ parturition)
34
fundus of the uterus
-bulging upper surface of the uterus
35
body of the uterus
-middle thick-walled portion
36
cervix of the uterus
-neck of the uterus through which passes the cervical canal
37
uterine cavity
-cavity within uterus in which the zygote implants and the embryo and fetus develop
38
cervical canal
-canal through cervix that connects to the uterine cavity
39
Internal Os
-internal opening to the cervical canal, that connects cervical canal to the uterine cavity
40
cervical canal (external Os)
-external opening to cervical canal, that connects cervical canal to the vagina
41
wall of the uterus
-perimetrium: outermost serous layer -myometrium: bulky middle later of smooth muscle -endometrium: composed of two stratums (stratum functionalis and stratum basale)
42
stratum functionalis
-inner most layer shed during menstruation
43
stratum basale
-underlies and gives rise to the stratum functionalis
44
Pap smear
papanicolaou smear- cervical cells are scraped away and microscopically examined for signs of cervical cancer
45
vagina- birth canal
-thin walled tube lined with rugae which extends from the cervix to body exterior -3-4 inches long -located between bladder and rectum mucosa contains folds called rugae and is made of stratified squamous epithelium
46
What are the three layers of the vagina
1. adventitia 2. muscularis 3. mucosa
47
How is the vagina lubricated
-by the cervical and mucose glands -the vagina itself has no glands
48
What is the pH of the vagina
-acidic (3.5-4) which is hostile to sperm and bacteria -the pH of girls is alkaline which predisposes them to STDs
49
hymens
-found in virgins, the mucosa near the distal vaginal orifice forms an incomplete partition -can tear by sports injury, tampons, etc
50
fornix
upper end of the vaginal canal surrounding the cervix
51
mons pubis
fatty prominent region formed by adipose tissue beneath the skin anterior to the pubic symphysis
52
labia majora
-two elongated folds of skin that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibule
53
labia minora
-two elongated delicate folds of skin that establish the boundaries of the vestibule
54
clitoris
-small mass of erectile tissue that projects into the vestibule and enlarges during arousal
55
vestibule
-enclosed by the labia minora that contains openings of the urethra and vagina
56
greater vestibule glands
-located at the vaginal orifice -produce lubricants at the distal end of the vagina during sexual intercourse
57
perineum
-the skin area between the anus and vulva
58
episiotomy
-when the vaginal opening is too small an incision is made in the vaginal orifice to reduce tearing of vaginal canal
59
mammary gland
-present in both sexes but usually only functional in females, they function only during lactation and producing milk - in non-pregnant women, the glandular structure of the breast is underdeveloped and the duct system is small. So breast size is due to amount of adipose tissue located between the lobes
60
lobes
- 15-25 sub-compartments lined with connective tissue
61
lobules
- subdivisions of the smaller subunits within lobes that contain alveoli
62
alveoli
milk producing glands
63
nipple
ejects milk through lactiferous ducts
64
areola
-darker pigmented skin surrounded the nipple
65
ovarian cycle
-the monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg
66
follicular phase- Day 13
-last 1-13 days -the developing of a graafian follicle FSH plays a major role during this stage
67
Ovulation- Day 14
-surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) brings about ovulation an oocyte is released from the ovary and is swept into the fallopian tube, this is the time when fertilization is possible
68
Luteal Phase- Day 15-28
-the ruptured follicle turns into the corpus luteum which produces estrogen and progesterone -if no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates in 10 days - if pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone until the placenta takes over the responsibility
69
menstrual cycle
-the series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to hormonal changes
70
menstrual phase (day 1-5) menses
-discharge of blood, mucus, epithelial cells due to the shedding of the stratum functionalis of the endometrium. the stratum basale is the permanent later and is not shed
71
proliferative phase (Preovulatory phase) day 6-13
-FSH stimulates the development of primary follicles into secondary follicles. Secondary follicles produce estrogen which stimulate the production of a new stratum functionalis of the endometrium -a secondary follicle will develop into a graafian follicle which contains the antrum, more estrogen is being produced which will inhibit FSH secretion and LH starts to be secreted
72
secretory phase (post ovulatory phase)
- more LH is secreted which causes the ruptured follicle to turn into corpus luteum which secretes both progesterone and estrogen -progesterone with the help of estrogen maintains the uterus in case of fertilization of the egg -if no fertilization occurs then corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans, failing levels of estrogen and progesterone cause endometrium to die -if pregnancy occurs corpus luteum keeps secreting hormones until the placenta takes over

Anatomy and Physology II: Lecture (10 decks)

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