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anatomy > Reproductive system part 2 > Flashcards

Reproductive system part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the primary and accessory organs in the female repro system

A
  • Primary reproductive organs: Ovaries
  • Accessory reproductive organs: Fallopian (uterine) tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands
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2
Q

describe the mammary gland 3

A
  • Each located within anterior thoracic wall
  • Composed of modified exocrine glands
  • Secretory product is breast milk that contains proteins, fats, and lactose sugar for infant nutrition
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3
Q

describe the nipple, areola, and suspensory ligaments

A

nipple: Multiple tiny excretory ducts that transport breast milk

areola: Pigmented ring around the nipple; Uneven surface due to sebaceous glands, areolar glands (glands of Montgomery)

Suspensory ligaments: Fibrous connective bands supporting breast; Extend from skin; Attach to deep fascia overlying pectoralis
major

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4
Q

what are the secretory units of the mammary glands? describe them (3)

A
  • Alveoli are the secretory units of mammary glands
  • Produce milk in lactating females
  • Become more numerous and larger
    during pregnancy
  • Drained by lactiferous ducts
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5
Q

PELVIC STRUCTURE IN THE FEMALE
what is the mons pubis
labia majora
pudendal cleft
labia minora

A

Mons pubis: rounded cushion of fatty tissue
covered by skin and pubic hair

Labia majora: connective tissue, adipose tissue
and thickened skin. Homologous to scrotum in males.

Pudendal cleft: a furrow separating the paired
labia majora

Labia minora: Highly vascular layer of areolar
CT. Normally cover vaginal orifice, but swell and separate when sexually aroused

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6
Q

what is the vulva 3

A
  • The vulva consists of labia majora
    and minora
  • The vestibule lies between and is
    hidden by the paired labia minora
  • Secretes mucin, mucous lubricant
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7
Q

what is the clitoris 5

A
  • Partly homologous to the male penis
  • Consists of small external glans with
    deeper internal body
  • Consists of a cylindrical shaft
    containing corpora cavernosa and
    vestibular bulbs
  • Rich in pressure and temperature
    receptors
  • Glans and vestibular bulbs considered
    erectile tissue
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8
Q

what are the ovaries
what are ovarian follicles
describe their size (ovary)

A
  • Paired, oval organs containing
    follicles.
  • Ovarian follicles: the site of oocyte
    production and sex hormone release
  • Slightly larger than an almond in an
    adult > Size varies during each menstrual cycle and during pregnancy
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9
Q

what anchors the ovaries
where do veins/nerves exit
describe the cortex
describe the medulla

A
  • Positioned on either side of the uterus,
    anchored by the ovarian and suspensory
    ligaments
  • Ovarian arteries, veins and nerves pass out
    of the ovary at the hilum
  • Outer cortex of ovary: dense connective
    tissue interspersed with thousands of
    ovarian follicles containing developing germ
    cells
  • Inner medulla: areolar connective tissue
    with arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatic vessels
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10
Q

In ALL ovarian follicles, what does it consist of

how many type of ovarian follicles are there

A
  • an oocyte surrounded by numerous follicle cells in the cortex
  • there are 6 main types of ovarian follicles representing different stages of development
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11
Q

what are primordial follicles 3

A
  • The most primitive type of ovarian
    follicle
  • contains a primary oocyte > arrested in first meiotic prophase; and single
    flattened layer of follicle cells
  • 1.5 million primordial follicles present at birth
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12
Q

what are primary follicles 3

A
  • contains a primary oocyte with a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells
  • Starts to secrete estrogen
    as it matures > stimulates changes in the uterine lining
  • Zona pellucida > a translucent structure containing glycoproteins immediatly surrounding oocyte
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13
Q

what are secondary follicles 2

A
  • contains a primary oocyte with many layers of granulosa cells
  • has thecal cells on the periphery of the follicle that helps control follicle development and secretes androgens (testoserone) which is converted to estrogen by granulosa cells
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14
Q

what are antral follicles 4

A
  • contains primary oocyte, LAYERS of granulosa cells, and the antrum
  • In the antrum, serous fluid increases as
    ovulation nears
  • As ovulation nears, oocyte is forced to one side of the follicle
  • Corona radiata is external to zona pellucida; is the innermost layer of cumulus oophorus cells
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15
Q

what are graafian follicles 4

A
  • mature follicle
  • Contains a secondary oocyte, corona radiata, Fluid-filled antrum
  • secondary oocytes complete meiosis I and are arrested in meiotic metaphase 2
  • One formed per month
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16
Q

what is corpus hemorrhagicum

A

a temporary structure that forms
immediately after ovulation –
follicle fills with blood and clots

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17
Q

what is corpus luteum 3

A
  • forms from remnants of follicle
  • secretes hormones if pregnancy occurs
  • Stimulate buildup of uterine lining to prepare uterus for possible
    implantation of fertilized oocyte
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18
Q

what is corpus albicans 3

A
  • formed from regressed corpus luteum
  • White connective tissue scar
  • Most structures completely
    resorbed
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19
Q

what is Folliculogenesis 3

A
  • Occurs from puberty to menopause
  • Regulated by the hypothalamus releasing
    gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Produces ovarian cycle w/ 3 phases: follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase
20
Q

describe the follicular phase 5

A
  • days 1–13
  • Around 20 primordial follicles were stimulated to mature into primary follicles by LH and FSH
  • Granulosa cells release inhibin to help inhibit further FSH production and prevent excessive follicle development
  • One matures to Graafian follicle
  • Volume of fluid increases within follicle antrum and oocyte is forced to one side of the follicle
21
Q

during the follicular phase, what do arrested primary oocytes do?

A

Resume growth, finish meiosis 1, and divide into 2 daughter cells in the antral follicle

22
Q

after meiosis 1, what happens to the 2 daughter cells in females

A
  • Polar body: nonfunctional, receives minimal cytoplasm and regresses
  • Other cell derived from primary oocyte: Receives bulk of cytoplasm, becomes secondary oocyte, reaches metaphase II before being arrested again, completes meiosis if fertilized, if not, breaks down in 24 hours
23
Q

describe ovulation 4

A
  • Antrum swells and expands; release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle
  • Occurs on day 14 of 28-day cycle
  • Usually only one ovary ovulates each month
  • Induced by lutenizing hormone
24
Q

describe the luteal phase 2
Corpus luteum 5
luteum regression 4

A
  • the remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum
  • Occurs on days 15—28 of cycle
  • Corpus luteum: temporary endocrine gland; secretes progesterone and estrogen; Builds up uterine lining, prepares for fertilized oocyte; Life span of 10 to 13 days if oocyte not fertilized
  • Corpus luteum regression: causes drop in secreted progesterone and estrogen; causes shedding of uterine lining (menstruation); Sheds lining (menses); Marks end of luteal phase
25
Q

what happens if the secondary oocyte is fertilized and implants 4

A
  • Called pre-embryo
  • Starts secreting human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) > Mimics effects of LH and continues to stimulate corpus luteum
  • Corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesteroneand maintain lining for 3 months
  • after 3 months, Placenta produces its own progesterone and estrogen so corpus luteum regresses into corpus albican
26
Q

fallopian tubes are also called?

what are the regions of the fallopian tubes?

A
  • Uterine ducts
  • Extend laterally from uterus and divide into four regions:
    1. Infundibulum: has fimbriae that sweep oocytes into ostium
    2. Ampulla: site of fertilization
    3. Isthmus: accounts for 1/3 of length
    4. Intramural segment: where isthmus enters the uterine cavity
27
Q

describe the layers of the fallopian tube

A

Outermost layer: thin, protective
serosa

Middle layer: two smooth muscle layers; contractions serve to transport the oocyte/blastocyst to the uterus.

Inner layer: highly-folded mucosa
lined with ciliated epithelium. Epithelial cells produce tubular fluid that promotes gamete/zygote survival.

28
Q

structurally describe the uterus; give the function; how is it anchored

A

Structurally divided into 4 regions:

  1. Fundus (base of inverted pear shape)
  2. Body (broad region)
  3. Isthmus (narrow region)
  4. Cervix (projects into the vagina)
  • Function: structure of gestation
    (receives, retains and nourishes
    fetus)
  • Anchored in place by several ligaments
29
Q

describe the layers of the uterus 5

A
  • Perimetrium: outer serosa
  • Myometrium: 3 layers of smooth muscle
  • Endometrium: site of implantation
  • Basal layer: permanent structure;
    contains arteries and acini from uterine
    glands
  • Functional layer: hormone-responsive
    layer; grows in the presence of hormones
    and degenerates/sheds during menses
30
Q

what is the uterine cycle 3

A
  • changes in endometrial lining: influenced by estrogen and progesterone
  • has 3 distinct phases: (Menstrual, proliferative, secretory)
  • Timeline based on 28-day uterine cycle (21-35)
31
Q

how do we characterize the phases of the uterine cycle

A

menstrual phase: characterized by menses
proliferative phase: dominant follicle rapidly growing, estrogen-priming for endometrial repair, regeneration
secretory phase: endometrium becomes vascularized in preparation for pregnancy

32
Q

what is menstrual phase? 3

A
  • days 1-5 of cycle
  • Sloughing off of the functional layer
  • Lasts through period of menstrual bleeding
33
Q

what is the proliferative phase 3

A
  • Days 6–14 of cycle
  • Development of new functional layer of endometrium
  • Overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion
34
Q

what is the secretory phase 3

A
  • Days 15–28 of cycle
  • Increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum increases vascularization and uterine gland development
  • If fertilization does not occur: Degeneration of corpus luteum; Dramatic drop of progesterone, sloughs off the functional layer
35
Q

what is the cervix 3

A
  • part of uterus that projects into vagina; joins uterus to vagina
  • Its endometrium is not shed
    during menses, and myometrium
    is much thinner
  • Mucosa produces mucous plug for
    pregnancy
36
Q

what is the vagina 4

A
  • Functions: passageway for outflow of menstruation, and birth canal
  • Consists of three layers: outer adventitia,
    middle muscularis and inner mucosa
  • home to several non-pathogenic
    microorganisms, due to warm and moist
    environment
  • Acidic secretions prevent infection from
    foreign microbes
37
Q

what are the features of male climacteric 3

A
  • Decreased testosterone production, leading to loss in testicular volume and sperm
    production
  • Other symptoms of reduced
    circulating testosterone levels: Diminished sex drive; Occasional mood swings; Erectile dysfunction/impotence
  • Prostate enlargement
38
Q

features of female climacteric 5

A
  • Drop in circulating estrogen
  • Ovaries are devoid of follicles and menstruation stops
  • Reproductive organs undergo modest atrophy; vagina lubrication is reduced
  • Breast tissue atrophies
  • Hot flashes; figure becomes more
    androgynous; bones become brittle
39
Q

what is perimenopause 2

A
  • Time near menopause
  • Irregular or skipped periods
40
Q

what is menopause 6

A
  • When women cease cycling for 1 year (not pregnant no medical condition)
  • Normal onset, ages 45 to 55
  • No more ovarian follicles remain or follicle maturation stops
  • Significant amounts of progesterone; estrogen no longer secreted
  • Uterine lining no longer growing
  • No further menstrual periods
41
Q

effects that come with menopause 3

A
  • “Hot flashes” with periodic elevation in
    body temperature
  • Thinning scalp hair and increased facial
    hair
  • Increased risk of osteoporosis and heart
    disease
42
Q

what is a ectopic pregnancy

A

Fertilized oocyte implants outside
endometrium

43
Q

what is a tubal pregnancy 6

A
  • One type of ectopic pregnancy
  • Fertilized egg implants in uterine tube
  • Unable to expand as embryo grows
  • Embryo viable only until week 8
  • Uterine wall ruptures if embryo not
    removed
  • Hemorrhage and loss of life possible
44
Q

what is endometriosis 4

A
  • endometrium displaced; Tissue becomes implanted on the external surface of organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
  • May grow under the influence of hormones
  • Cannot be expelled normally; Hormones to slow growth of endometrial tissue or surgery
  • pain, scarring, linked to fertility problems
45
Q

what is cervical cancer

risk factor

how do we test for it

A
  • Common malignancy of the female reproductive system
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; Vaccine available for 4 most common types
  • Tested with a Pap smear: Detects cervical cancer in early stage, Epithelial cells scraped from cervix edge and examined for abnormal development

anatomy (17 decks)

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