Reproductive Systems

Question 1

Testes

Answer 1

Male gonands 
Stored in the scrotum 
Sperm need to be kept at 34°
Need to defend before puberty or sterile
Produce sperm and male sex hormones

Question 2

Seminiferous tubules

Answer 2

• Composed of many long coiled tubes
• Sperm is produced via spermatogenesis
• developing sperm are supported and nourished by Sertoli cells within the tubules

Question 3

Head of sperm

Answer 3

• Contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes

- covered by a cap called acrosome which contain enzymes to penetrate the egg

Question 4

Middle section of sperm

Answer 4

-contain many mitochondria (supply energy for movement)

Question 5

Tail of sperm

Answer 5

-propels the sperm via lashing motion

Question 6

Interstitial cells

Answer 6

• cells found outside of the seminiferous tubules

- produce testosterone

Question 7

Epididymis

Answer 7

-sperm mature and become motile

Question 8

Vas deferens

Answer 8

• ducts that carry sperm into the abdominal cavity over the bladder and out the penis
• ejaculatory duct: connects the seminal vessels to the urethra and passes it through the prostate gland
• vesectomy : vas deference is clipped to prevent sperm from ending up in the ejaculate (prevents fertilization)
• urethra drains excretory and reproduction system

Question 9

Penis

Answer 9

-organ required for sexual intercourse
-shaft equipped with erectile tissue that fills with blood
Sphincter to prevent blood from leaving
Covered by the glands

Question 10

Seminal vesicles

Answer 10

• produce a mucous like substance that contains fructose ( provides energy for sperm)
• prostaglandins: chemical messengers which stimulate uterine peristalsis to move semen up the uterus
• proteins: cause semen to coagulate after deposited in the female

Question 11

Prostate

Answer 11

• surrounds the urethra
• secretes a thin milky fluid into the urethra
• prevents clumping in semen
• alkaline- neutralize acid from residual urine in urethra and acidity of vagina

Question 12

Cowper’s gland

Answer 12

• small glands along the urethra
• secrete viscous fluid before emissions of sperm and semen
• released before ejaculation

Question 13

Passage of sperm

Answer 13

Seminiferous tubules — epididymis — vas deference —ejaculatory duct — urethra

Question 14

FSH male

Answer 14

• stimulates the seminiferous tubules to make sperm

- causes other cells in the testes to produce inhibin

Question 15

LH male

Answer 15

• stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
• sperm production
• sex drive, hair, body muscle
• testosterone will leave a negative feed back loop in the pituitary

Question 16

Females

Answer 16

Females are born with all of their eggs

Haploid

Question 17

Ovaries

Answer 17

• held within the pelvic cavity
• produce ova by oogesis
• ova are held within a follicle
• each month the follicle matures and ruptures to release the egg=ovulation

Question 18

Fimbriae

Answer 18

-finger like projections that surround the ovaries that help move the egg to the Fallopian tube

Question 19

Fallopian tubes

Answer 19

-carry the egg from the ovary to uterus
-fertilization = zygote
Pregnancy occurs in the tubes not the uterus

Question 20

Uterus

Answer 20

• holds and nourishes the developing fetus
• lining of the uterus is called the endometrium
• opening at the base is the cervix

Question 21

Vagina

Answer 21

• entrance to the female reproductive system
• semen deposited here during cotise
• birth canal
• bartholins gland produce acidic secretions to protect and keep clean

Question 22

Vulva

Answer 22

• collective name given to the exterior genitalia
• labia majora/ labia minora
• skin folds to protect the vagina

Question 23

FSH women

Answer 23

• stimulates the maturation of one follicle each month

As it matures it releases estrogen

Question 24

LH women

Answer 24

• secreted when estrogen levels are too high
• causes the follicle to rupture=ovulation
• the empty follicle (corpus luteum) secretes progesterone

Question 25

Estrogen women

Answer 25

- initiates development of secondary sex characteristics | - prepares the uterus to receive an embryo by thickening the endometrium and vascularizing it.

Question 26

Progesterone

Answer 26

- continues with vascularization - inhibits further ovulation - prevent uterine contractions and maintain the endometrium

Question 27

Flow phase

Answer 27

- corpus luteum degenerates - estrogen and progesterone levels decrease - shedding of the endometrium - lasts up to 4-5 days - FSH increases and cycle starts again

Question 28

Follicular phase (12)

Answer 28

- increase in FSH= follicle matures - mature follicle produces estrogen - estrogen thickens the endometrium (vascularization) - estrogen causes increase in LH from pituitary

Question 29

Ovulation (13-14)

Answer 29

- estrogen levels and LH levels peak = rupturing of the follicle - releasing of the egg =ovulation

Question 30

Luteal phase

Answer 30

- empty follicle remains in ovaries •corpus luteum - corpus luteum produces progesterone and some estrogen to maintain endometrium - corpus luteum inhibits FSH and LH production due to progesterone being high

Question 31

Menstrual cycle

Answer 31

1. Low estrogen —inhibits LH 2. Small spike in FSH side effect of GnRH stimulation of LH 3. High estrogen stimulates LH release 4. Corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone drops

Question 32

The pill

Answer 32

- changes the cervical mucus to make it harder for the sperm to find the egg -makes the lining of the womb inhospitable for implantation - lower levels of estrogen in the pill that prevent the pituitary glad from releasing LH NO LH NO OVULATION