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Biology 30 > Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Reproductive Systems Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Why is sexual reproduction important?

A

It produces variation with a species

It provides a basis for natural selection within a species

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2
Q

What are the testes?

A

The male gonads, primary reproductive organ

Produce sperm and testosterone

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3
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The sac that contains the testes

Cooler temperature to keep the sperm cells alive

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4
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Tube that conducts sperm towards the urethra

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5
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Conducts semen towards the penis

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6
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

A tubule formed at the union of the vas deferens, seminal ducts, and the opening of the urethra

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7
Q

What is seminal fluid?

A

A secretion of the male reproductive organs composed of sperm and fluids

The fluid part of semen is secreted by three glands; seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and Cowper’s gland

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8
Q

What is the seminal vesicle?

A

Contributes to seminal fluid

Secretion contains fructose (source of energy for the sperm cell) and prostaglandins

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9
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

Contributes to seminal fluid

Secretion contains buffers that protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the vagina

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10
Q

What is the Cowper’s gland?

A

Structure that contributes a music rich fluid to seminal fluid

Mucus is thought to protect the sperm from acids in urethra associated with urination, and may also assist in sperm movement

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11
Q

What is the acrosome of a sperm cell?

A

The cap found on sperm cells that contains enzymes that permit the Soren to move through the outer layers of the ovum (egg)

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12
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process by which spermatogonia divide and differentiate into mature sperm cells

Site of spermatogenesis is the seminiferous tubules (coiled ducts within the testes)

Newly produced sperm cells will mature in the epididymis

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13
Q

What are Sertoli Cells?

A

Specialized cells within the seminiferous tubules

Provide metabolic and mechanical support for developing sperm

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14
Q

What are Interstitial (Leydig) Cells?

A

Cells found in testes surrounding seminiferous tubules

Secrete testosterone

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15
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone testosterone in the male reproductive system?

A

Found in interstitial cells

Stimulated spermatogenesis, promotes and regulated the development of secondary sex characteristics, associated with sex drive

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16
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone FSH in the male reproductive system?

A

Found in pituitary gland

Stimulates the production of the sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone LH in the male reproductive system?

A

Found in the pituitary gland

Promotes production of testosterone by interstitial cells of Leydig

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18
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone GnRH in the male and female reproductive system?

A

Found in hypothalamus

Stimulated secretion of FSH and LH

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19
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Produce hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Site of ovum development and ovulation

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20
Q

What are the Fallopian tubes (oviducts)?

A

Carry ovum from ovary to uterus

Site of fertilization

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21
Q

What is the fimbriae?

A

Sweep the ovum into the Fallopian tube after ovulation

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22
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Organ in which embryos and fetus develops

Involved in menstruation

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23
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

lining of the uterus

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24
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Spectated the vagina from the uterus

Holds fetus in place during pregnancy

Dilated to allow fetus to leave the uterus

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25
What is the vagina?
Extends from cervix to external environment Provides pathway for sperm and menstrual flow Functions as the birth canal
26
What is oogenesis?
Is the formation of an ovum Occurs in specialized cells in the ovaries called follicles Within the follicle an oocyte undergoes meiosis and becomes an ovum
27
What are the two types of cells contains in the follicle?
A primary oocyte Cells of granulosa
28
What are the cells of granulosa in the follicle?
The layer of cells that forms the follicle wall These cells provide nutrients for the developing oocytes
29
What is the location and location and function of the hormone LH in the female reproductive system?
Found in the anterior pituitary Ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
30
What is the location and location and function of the hormone FSH in the female reproductive system?
Found in the anterior pituitary Development of follicle in ovary
31
What is the location and location and function of the hormone Estrogen in the female reproductive system?
Found in the follicle cell and corpus luteum Secondary sex characteristics and thickening of endometrium
32
What is the location and location and function of the hormone Progesterone in the female reproductive system?
Found in the corpus luteum Stimulated the endometrium, inhibits ovulation
33
What is the location and location and function of the hormone Inhibin in the female reproductive system?
Found in the corpus luteum Inhibits GnRH
34
What is the flow phase of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation Days 1-5
35
What is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
Follicle develops and the endometrium is restored Estrogen from follicle cells is produced Days 6-13
36
What is the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?
Oocyte bursts from ovary Day 14
37
What is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
Corpus luteum forms, endometrium thickens Estrogen and progesterone from corpus luteum Days 15-28
38
What hormones should a women be given before egg harvesting?
Estrogen because it causes ovulation
39
What hormones should a women be given pre-implantation?
Progesterone because it strengthens endometrium
40
What is an oviduct?
Location where the egg becomes fertilized
41
What is the process of cleavage?
The zygote is dividing without any increase in size Cells are becoming smaller
42
What is a blastocyst?
By the time it reaches the uterus, the zygote has developed into a fluid filled structure called a blastocyst It possesses an inner cell mass which forms the embryo The outer layer consists of cells collectively called trophoblast, which go on to form the placenta
43
What is the process of fertilization?
150 to 300 million spermatogenesis travel through the cervix upon ejaculation, a few 100 will reach the Fallopian tubes Only a single sperm fuses with the ovum to form a zygote Fertilization normally occurs in the Fallopian tube
44
What is the implantation of the blastocyst?
The blastocyst attaches to the endometrium wall Occurs approximately one week after fertilization Implantation takes approximately 5 days
45
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
On rare occasions, a fertilized embryo embeds itself in the Fallopian tube (or other structures) instead of the uterine lining
46
How does the maintenance of the endometrium work during the start of pregnancy?
The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst produces hCG hCG maintains the corpus luteum during the first 3 months of pregnancy, which prevents the shedding of the endometrium Pregnancy tests work by identifying hCG in urine Once the placenta is formed, hCG is no longer produced
47
What is the process of gastrulation?
The formation of the three primary germ layers of the blastocyst Each layer will undergo a series of changes to be distinct structures that later develop into organs
48
What structures does the germ layer ectoderm (outer) form?
Skin, hair, fingernails, sweat glands Nervous system, brain, peripheral nerves Lens, retina, cornea Inner ear, cochlea, semicircular canals Teeth, inside lining of the mouth
49
What structures does the germ layer mesoderm (middle) form?
Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) Blood vessels and blood Kidney, reproductive structure Connective tissue, cartilage, bone
50
What structures does the germ layer endoderm (inner) form?
Liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid Urinary bladder Lining of digestive system Lining of respiratory tract
51
What is the process of neurulation?
Between weeks 3 and 8 organs form The germ layers separate and form organs During the 3rd week a band of mesoderm cells forms along the back of the embryonic disk These cells form a rod-like notochord, which will make up the skeleton The nervous system develops from the ectoderm located above the notochord
52
What is the process of organ formation?
After neurulation the heart begins to form This is followed by blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, arms and legs, and the structures of the head The brain continues its development and the gonads begin to develop external genitalia (about the 6th week)
53
What is the placenta?
Forms from cells from the endometrium and the fetus and has numerous blood vessels
54
What is the chorion?
Becomes the placenta The outermost membrane surrounding an embryo
55
What is the yolk sac?
Does not provide nutrients Goes on to form the digestive system
56
What is the umbilical cord?
Connect embryo to placenta
57
What is the allantois?
Forms blood vessels of placenta, exchange gas, handle waste, future umbilical cord
58
What is the amnion?
Membrane that closely covers the embryo Fills with amniotic fluid which forms amniotic sac which provides a protective environment for embryo of fetus
59
What happens in the first trimester of pregnancy?
By week 2 germ layers form By the end of this trimester the heart, brain, limb buds, have all developed Arms and legs move and there’s a sucking reflex At the end external reproductive organs are present
60
What happens in the second trimester of pregnancy?
Fetus moves enough to be noticed All organs have formed Eyelids and eyelashes form Cartilage is replaced with bone cells Soft hair covers body
61
What happens in the third trimester of pregnancy?
Rapid growth of baby particularly layers of fat Organ systems are already established but continue to develop
62
What happens in the latent phase of labour?
Labour begins 38 to 40 weeks after conception Initially the cervix begins to thin and the mucus plug that sealed the cervix falls out
63
What happens in the active phase of labour?
Oxytocin, from the pituitary gland, causes contractions Cervix begins to dilate, contractions become regular and intense Prostaglandins appear in mother’s blood In the end the cervix has dilated to 10 cm diameters
64
What happens in the birth phase of labour?
Contractions move fetus to birth canal Relaxin (placenta) loosens ligaments in pelvis Uterine contractions and active pushing by the mother to push the baby out of the birth canal
65
What happens in the afterbirth phase of labour?
Once the baby is born the umbilical cord is slipped and cut A number of contractions expel the placenta and most of the umbilical cord
66
What is a beech birth?
The baby enters the birth canal feet or buttocks first A breech baby who is delivered buttocks first can be delivered normally but an episiotomy may be required If the baby arrives feet first a Caesarian section birth may be performed
67
What is the process of lactation?
During pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone prepare the breast for milk production Each breast has 20 glands that produce milk Prolactin levels rise dramatically after birth, which stimulated milk production in eco fund glands

Biology 30 (7 decks)

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