reproductive test human bio

Question 1

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 1

for growth, repairment and replacemenrt of somatic cells.

Question 2

what is the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 2

To produce gametes (sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction

Question 3

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 3

Meiosis- takes place in reproductive cells gonads to produce gametes. Has two cell divsions and results in four daughter cells also is haploid cell.
Mitosis- takes place in somatic cells for growth and repair, has only one cell division and results in two daughter cells/ and is diploid.

Question 4

what is the structure and function of the scrotum?

Answer 4

the scrotum is a loose sac of skin that holds the testes. It’s functions is that it holds the testes and it is positioned outside of the body so that the temperature is cool enough for sperm production.

Question 5

what is the functions of the testes?

Answer 5

They are responsible for making sperm cells and producing testosterone.

Question 6

what is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 6

they are to store immature sperm cells and to produce mature sperm cells.

Question 7

what is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 7

. it is where sperm is matured and stored.

Question 8

what is the structure and function of the vas deferens?

Answer 8

is a long muscular tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymis to urethra for ejaculation.

Question 9

what is the function of the seminal vesicle?

Answer 9

produce seminal fluid which contains fructose (sugar) which gives sperm energy to move .

Question 10

what is the function of the prostate gland?

Answer 10

it produces fluid that nourishes sperm.

Question 10

what is the function of the urethra?

Answer 10

tube that allows a passage for urine and semen.

Question 11

what is the function of the penis?

Answer 11

it transports sperm into the vagina for fertilisation.

Question 12

what is the structure and function of the vagina?

Answer 12

It’s function allows for male penis to be inserted to deposit sperm inside female body for fertilisation

Question 13

what is the ovary and it’s function?

Answer 13

. It’s function is to produce and store female sex cells (ovum/ova) and produce oestrogen and progestrone.

Question 14

what is the structure and function of the fallopian tubes?

Answer 14

. It is the location of fertilisation and transports the fertilised ovum (zygote to the uterus.

Question 15

what is the structure and function of the uterus?

Answer 15

. It is where implantation and embryo development occur.

Question 16

what is the structure and function of the cervix.

Answer 16

It contracts to hold the uterus closed while the baby is developing and dialates when baby is about to be born.

Question 16

what is the ovulation phase?

Answer 16

when the follicle rupture, releasing an egg into the fallopian tube.

Question 17

what is fertilisation?

Answer 17

Fertilization is the process where a male sperm cell fuses with a female egg cell, forming a single cell called a zygote,

Question 18

what is implantation?

Answer 18

where a fertilized egg attaches to the endometrium and begins to burrow into it, marking the start of pregnancy

Question 19

what is the function of amniotic fluid in pregnancy?

Answer 19

protects the developing foetus from injury, unequal pressure and temperature changes.

Question 20

what is the function of umbilical cord in pregnancy?

Answer 20

it attaches the foetus to the placenta allowing important nutrients and oxygen to pass through.

Question 21

what is the function of the placenta?

Answer 21

it delievers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the foetus. and removes waste and carbon dioxide from the foetus to the mother.

Question 22

what is the function of the endometrium?

Answer 22

to prepare for and support a potential pregnancy (implanatation) by thickening and becoming rich in blood vessels and glands.

Question 23

what is the function of FSH hormone in male reproductive system?

Answer 23

FST stimulates the production of sperm.

Question 24

what is the function of LH hormone in male reproductive system?

Answer 24

stimulates the production of testosterone in testes.

Question 25

what is the function of testosterone in male reproductive?

Answer 25

stimulates growth and development of male reproductive tissues.

Question 26

what is the function of FSH in female?

Answer 26

stimulates the development and maturation of follicle.

Question 27

what is the function of LH in females?

Answer 27

promotes final maturation of follicle and ovulation. It forms the corpus luteum and stimulates secretion of oestrogen and progesterone.

Question 28

what is the function of oestrogen and progesterone in female body?

Answer 28

they both maintain the endometrium.

Question 29

describe the structure of Dna

Answer 29

it is a double helix shaped structure found in the nucleus of cells that holds genetic information of an organism.

Question 30

describe the structure of a nucleotide

Answer 30

A nucleotide is the fundamental building block of DNA. It is made of three components sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.

Question 31

identify the base pairings in Dna

Answer 31

the base pairing rules are adenine pairs with Thymine and Guamine pairs with cytosine.

Question 32

explain the reason for complimentary base pairing in the double helix of DNA

Answer 32

DNA is used as a template to create proteins. The base pairing rules allow for an accurate copy of DNA to be made to produce correct proteins.

Question 33

describe why the body needs to be capable of making new cells

Answer 33

The body needs to be capable of making new cells for growth, repair, and maintaining the overall health of tissues and organs.

Question 34

describe 3 purposes of making new cells

Answer 34

Growth – to increase the number of cells as the body develops. Repair – to replace damaged or injured cells and heal tissues. Replacement – to renew cells that die naturally, like skin or blood cells.

Question 35

label simple diagram of a parent cells with (2n) to produce 2 daughter cells with (2n) each.

Question 36

describe and summarise the process of mitosis

Answer 36

Mitosis is the process by which a diploid cell meaning it has two sets of chromosomes. Then it's dna replicates and the cell divides producing two identical daughter cells they are the exact same to the parent cell meaning they have two sets of chromosomes 2n.

Question 37

explain why there are two stages of cell division in meiosis

Answer 37

Meiosis has two stages of cell division to reduce the chromosome number by half and ensure genetic diversity.

Question 38

explain why the process of cell divison of fertilisation requires that the gametes are (n) haploid.

Answer 38

Gametes are haploid (n) to ensure that when they combine during fertilization, the resulting zygote has the correct diploid (2n) number of chromosomes. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number in gametes, and fertilization restores the full set, keeping the chromosome number consistent across generations.

Question 39

what is in virto fertilsation?

Answer 39

a procedure used to help people get pregnant where an egg and sperm are combined outside the body, in a lab, and then the resulting embryo is transferred into the woman's uterus.

Question 40

what is ivf's advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 40

advantages: 1. high success rate of pregnancy. 2. less chance of miscarriage 3. bypasses problems with fallopian tubes disadvantages 1. risk of multiple pregnancies 2. expensive cost (medication, tests) 3. can cause complications for birth/pregnancy

Question 41

what is gamete intrafallopian transfer?

Answer 41

is a fertility treatment where eggs and sperm are placed directly into the fallopian tube to allow fertilization to occur naturally inside the body.

Question 42

what is the advantages and disadvantages of GIFT

Answer 42

advantages: 1. natural conceving process than artifical. disadvantages 1. risk of multiple pregnancies 2.fertilization is not confirmed 3. inability to determine quality of embryo

Question 43

what is zygote intrafallopian transfer?

Answer 43

is a fertility treatment where a fertilized egg (zygote) is created in a lab and then placed into the fallopian tube for implantation.

Question 44

what is the advantages and disadvantages of ZIFT

Answer 44

Advantages: 1. Mimics natural implantation process 2. Fertilization is confirmed before transfer disadvantages 2. higher risk of ectopic pregnancies 3. Not suitable if tubes are damaged or blocked

Question 45

What is frozen embryo transfer?

Answer 45

is a fertility treatment where a previously frozen embryo is thawed and transferred into the uterus to achieve pregnancy.

Question 46

what are the advanatges and disadvantages of FET?

Answer 46

advantages: 1. allows for genetic testing 2. better success rates 3. eggs can be preserved for more attempts disadvantages 1. embryo may not survive thawing process 2. higher cost 3. may impact pregnancy outcomes

Question 47

state why the number of chromosomes is reduced in a gamete/sex cells to (N) haploid.

Answer 47

The number of chromosomes is reduced to haploid (N) in gametes so that when a sperm and egg combine during fertilisation, the resulting zygote has the correct diploid (2N) number of chromosomes—46 in humans. This ensures the chromosome number stays consistent across generations.

Question 48

what is a diploid cell?

Answer 48

Diploid describes a cell that contain two copies of each chromosome

Question 49

what is a haploid cell?

Answer 49

Haploid describes a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.

Question 50

explain the process of fertilisation

Answer 50

Fertilisation is when a haploid (n) sperm cell fuses with a haploid (n) ovum, each containing 23 chromosomes. This fusion forms a zygote with a full set of 46 chromosomes. The zygote is now diploid (2n), containing genetic material from both parents. This marks the beginning of a new human life.

Question 51

state the number of daughter cells produced in males and females from one parent cell

Answer 51

males- four daughter cells females- one daughter cell

Question 52

explain the sequence of sperm production to ejaculation mentioning each male structure.

Answer 52

Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and then matured and stored in the epididymis. During ejaculation, sperm travel through the vas deferens and mix with fluids from the seminal vesicle which gives the sperm energy and prostate gland which nourishes it. The mixture, called semen, then passes through the urethra and is expelled through the penis.

Question 53

explain the sequence from ovulation to fertilisation, using all female structures.

Answer 53

during ovulation The egg is released from the ovary, and the fimbriae capture it, guiding it into the fallopian tube. During intercourse, the penis is inserted into the vagina, and sperm are ejaculated, travelling up through the cervix and uterus, eventually reaching the fallopian tube. If a sperm meets the egg, they fuse to form a zygote. The zygote then travels to the uterus, where it attaches to the endometrium to implant and begin development.

Question 54

similarties in the four reproductive technologies

Answer 54

1. they all involve surgically collecting gametes. 2. IVF, GIFT ZIFT involve hormonal treatment to mature eggs in ovaries. 3. all procedures involve tranfering gametes/zygote into the female reproductive system. 4. FET and IVF involve the same collecting and fertilisation process on a petri dish.

Question 55

what are the steps for IVF?

Answer 55

1. The female goes through hormonal treatment to mature eggs in her ovaries. 2. mature egg and mature sperm are collected 3. the mature sperm fertilizes the mature egg in a petri dish. where the cell divides. 4. the fertilised egg is transefred into the womans uterus

Question 56

what are the steps for GIFT?

Answer 56

1. the woman undergoes hormonal treatment to mature eggs in her ovaries. 2. mature sperm and egg are collected 3. they are then directly placed into the fallopian tube, ready for fertilisation

Question 57

what are the steps for ZIFT?

Answer 57

1. The woman undergoes hormonal treatment to mature the eggs in her ovaries. 2. the mature sperm and egg are collected. 3. the mature sperm fertilises the egg in a petri dish. 4. the fertlised egg is placed into the fallopian tube.

Question 58

what are the steps for FET?

Answer 58

1. the woman needs to be at right stage of her menstrual cycle for the fertilised egg to attach to the endometrium. 2. the fertilised frozen egg is warmed and analysed under a microscope to determine viability. 3. the fertilised egg is placed into uterus 4. the female hormone levels should be monitered to ensure that the internal environment remains ideal for fertilised egg to grow and implant into uterus.

Question 59

contrast the differences in the four reproductive technologies

Answer 59

1. ivf involves placing a embryo into the uterus while ZIFT involves placing a zygote into the fallopian tube. 2. ivf involves immediate transfer of embryo while FET involves thawing of previously frozen embryos. 3. Gift involves placing gametes into the fallopian tubes. while ZIFt involves placing zygote into fallopian tubes.