Reseacher Deck Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
What research supports the top-down Approach? (The Top-Down Approach)
A
- Canter analysed 100 US murders using ‘smallest space analysis’
- assessed co-occurence of 39 behavioural aspects
- Subset of features of serial killings which align with typology for organised offenders
2
Q
What suggested there may be wider application to the top-down approach? (The Top-Down Approach)
A
- Meketa reported it applies to burglary leading to an 85% rise in solved cases in 3 US states
3
Q
Who suggested that behaviour of rapists gives insight to their opinions of gender generally? (The Bottom-Up Approach)
A
- Dwyer suggested some want to humiliate their victims whereas some are more apologetic
4
Q
Who came up with the circle theory? (The Bottom-Up Approach)
A
- Canter
- Patterns of offending form a circle around the offenders home base
5
Q
How did Canter come up with his Circle theory? (The Bottom-Up Approach)
A
- John Duffy ‘railway rapist’ 24 sexual attacks and 3 murders
- Canter analysed geographical info and correctly assumed where he lives, marital status, height and acne
6
Q
What further research evidences the bottom-up approach? (The Bottom-Up Approach)
A
- Canter and Heritage
- 66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis
- Each displayed characteristic patterns of behaviour
- Supports basic principles of investigative psychology
7
Q
What research further supported geographical profiling?
A
- Lundrigan and Canter using smallest space analysis
- 120 murder cases involving serial killers
- Found spacial consistency in behaviour and they all created a centre of gravity
8
Q
Who came up with the atavistic form? (A Historical Approach)
A
- Lombroso wrote his book ‘the criminal man’ in 1876 referring to criminals as ‘genetic throwbacks’
9
Q
Who researched the atavistic form? (A Historical Approach)
A
- Lombroso examined skulls of 383 dead convicts 3839 living ones and concluded 40% have atavistic characteristics
10
Q
Who suggested Lombroso’s legacy was negative? (A Historical Approach)
A
- DeLisi suggested Lombroso was a racist
11
Q
Who contradicted Lombroso’s research? (A Historical Approach)
A
- Goring compared 3000 offenders and 3000 non-offenders and found no differences between cranial characteristic
12
Q
Who conducted twin studies for the genetic explanation? (Genetic Explanation)
A
- Christianson studied over 3500 pairs of twins in Denmark and found concordance rates for offending behaviour of 35% for identical twins and 13% for non-identical twins
13
Q
Who conducted adoption studies for the genetic explanation? (Genetic Explanation)
A
- Crowe found adopted children whose mam had a criminal records had a 50% risk of having a criminal record by the age of 18
- otherwise they had a 5% risk
14
Q
Who investigated candidate genders for the genetic explanation? (Genetic Explanation)
A
- Tiihonen did a genetic analysis of 800 Finnish offenders and found some genes more be associated with violent crime
- MAOA associated with serotonin and aggression
- CDH13 linked with ADHD and substance abuse
- 5-10% of severe violent crime in Finland is attributed to these genes
15
Q
Who supported the stress-diathesis model? (Genetic Explanation)
A
- Mednick: 13,000 Danish adoptees
- Neither bio or adoptive parents had convictions it was 13.5%
- Rose to 20% when bio parents has convictions
- rose to 24.5% when both had convictions
16
Q
Who research the pre-frontal cortex in the neural explanation? (Neural Explanation)
A
- Raine conducted studies into APD brain and found reduced activity in pre-frontal cortex which regulates emotional behaviour
- Raine found an 11% reduction in volume of grey matter in those with APD
17
Q
Who researched mirror neurons? (Neural Explanation)
A
- Keysers found only when asked to empathise did those with APD’s mirror neurons (controls empathetic reactions) activate
18
Q
Who researched the link between criminality and the pre-frontal cortex? (Neural Explanation)
A
- Kandel and Freed reviewed evidence of frontal lobe damage and antisocial behaviour
- those with damage show impulsive behaviour and emotional instability and an inability to learn from mistakes
19
Q
Who suggested the cause of APD was not biological? (Neural Explanation)
A
- Farrington suggested a group of men who scored high on a psychopathy test experiences factors during childhood e.g physical neglect
20
Q
Who came up with the theory of the criminal personality? (***** theory)
A
- Eysenck
21
Q
What evidence supports the criminal personality? (Eysenck’s theory)
A
- Eysenck and Eysenck compared 2070 offender with 2422 controls on the EYP
- Offenders scored highly on extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism
22
Q
Who contradicted two integral elements of the criminal personality? (Eysenck’s theory)
A
- Farrington did a meta analysis and suggested offender score high on psychoticism but not extraversion of neuroticism
23
Q
Who suggest that Eysenck’s theory was too simplistic? (Eysenck’s theory)
A
- Moffitt drew a distinction between offending in adolescence and in adulthood (‘career offender’)
- personality traits alone are a poor predictor of how long offending behaviour will go on
24
Q
Who came up with moral development? (Levels of moral reasoning)
A
- Kohlberg proposed peoples judgements on moral questions can be summarised in a stage theory
- low levels of moral reasoning associated with offending behaviour
- A group of violent youths were at significantly lower level of moral development than non-violent youths.
25
Who researched Hostile attribution bias? (Cognitive Distortions)
- Schonenberg and jusyte presented 55 violent offender with images of ambiguous facial expressions compared to control group
- They perceived the images as hostile far more
26
Who researched hostile attribution bias in children? (Cognitive Distortions)
- Dodge and Frame showed children a clip of ‘ambiguous provocation’
- aggressive children interpreted the clip as more hostile than non-aggressive children.
27
Who suggested offender engage in minimalisation? (Cognitive Distortions)
- Bandura suggested they apply a euphemistic label to their crime
28
Who researched minimalisation in rapists? (Cognitive Distortions)
- Barbara found amount 26 rapists 54% denied committing an offence at all and 40% minimised the harm caused to the victim
29
Who research supported levels of moral reasoning? (Levels of moral reasoning)
- Palmer and Hollin compared moral reasoning in 332 non-offenders and 126 convicted offenders using ‘socio moral reflection measure short form’ which contains 11 moral related questions
- Offenders less mature than non-offenders
30
Who suggested that levels of moral reasoning are defence dependant? (Levels of Moral Reasoning)
- Thornton and Reid found those who committed financial crimes are more likely to show pre-conventional moral reasoning than impulsive crimes e.g assault
- pre-conventional moral reasoning is associated with crimes in which the offender does not believe they will get caught
31
What is the real-world application of cognitive distortions? (Cognitive distortions)
- Hawkins suggested reduced incidence of denial and minimalisation is associated with a reduced risk of recidivism
- CBT challenges irrational thinking.
32
Who suggested that Cognitive Distortions are offence dependant? (Cognitive Distortions)
- Howitt and Sheldon found non-contact sex offender used more cognitive distortions than contact sex offenders.
33
Who came up with DAT? (Differential Association Theory)
- Sutherland developed a set of scientific principles which could explain all types of offending behaviour
- ‘the conditions which are said to cause crime should be present when crime is present, and they should be absent when crime is absent’
34
Who theorised about the superego in relation to offending? (The Psychodynamic explanations)
- Blackburn suggested inadequate superego makes offending behaviour inevitable as ID has free rein.
35
What research supports the psychodynamic approach? (The Psychodynamic explanation)
- Goreta conducted Freudian style analysis of 10 psychiatric patients and all suggested interruption in phallic stage and excessive guilt and need for self punishment
36
What does Bowlby say? (The Psychodynamic explanation)
- Bowlby 44 thieves study 14 affectionless psychopaths and 12 with prolonged maternal deprivation
37
Who contradicted Bowlbys study? (The Psychodynamic explanations)
- Lewis analysed data from interviews with 500 young people and found maternal deprivation was a poor predictor is future offending and ability to form close relationships in adolescence
38
What is the problem with recidivism? (Custodial Sentencing)
- Ministry of Justice says in UK 45%
- USA and Australia it os 60%+ whereas in Norway it is as low as 20%
39
Who suggested custodial sentencing is cruel and why? (Custodial Sentencing)
- Bartol suggested imprisonment is ‘brutal demeaning and generally devastating’
- Ministry of justice 119 people killed themselves in 2016 which is 9X the general population.
40
Who suggests custodial sentencing can be beneficial? (Custodial Sentencing)
- The Vera Institute of Justcie claims offender taking part in college education programmes are 43% less likely to reoffend
41
Who supports behaviour modification within custody? (Behaviour Modification in Custody)
- Hobbs and Holt: significant difference between young offender in token economy compared to control group when looking at positive behaviour
- Field found when used on young people with behavioural problem token economies are generally effective
42
Who said behaviour modification is not good in terms of longevity? (Behaviour Modification in Custody)
- Blackburn said it has ‘little rehabilitative value’ as positive changes are not maintained
- Easy for prisoners to merely ‘go along with’ for rewards without genuine change
43
Who made the link between cognition and emotion? (Anger Management)
- Novaco suggested cognitive factors create emotional arousal which leads to aggressive acts
- positively reinforced by feeling of control
44
Who showed the positive outcomes of anger management? (Anger Management)
- Keen studied progress in those 17-21 who took part in the ‘National Anger Management package’
- Course was eight 2 hour sessions
- Reported positive change in self control and management
45
Who did not like anger management? (Anger Management)
- Blackburn suggested anger management does not reduce recidivism in the short term
- Application relies on role play and not genuine real world situations
46
Who said something very insightful about crime? (Restorative Justice)
- Braithwaite said that ‘crime hurts, justice should heal’
47
Who researched the positive outcomes of restorative justice? (Restorative Justice)
- Shapland reported RJC’s 7 year research project
- 85% of survivors supported satisfaction, 78% would recommend it to others and 60% felt process made them feel better and only 2% said it made them feel worse
48
What is the effect of RJ on Recidivism? (Restorative Justice)
- Strang did a meta analysis and compared normal custodial sentencing to RJ and found RJ group significantly less likely to reoffend
49
Who suggested that offender take advantage of RJ? (Restorative Justice)
- Gijseghem suggested offenders may use it for own gain e.g reduced punishment
