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Research Flashcards

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1
Q

What is specificity?

A

TRUE NEGATIVE
—Tests ability to correctly identify those who DO NOT have the disease or condition
(SPIN)

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2
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

TRUE POSITIVE
-Tests ability to correctly identify those who DO have a condition

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3
Q

WHAT IS CORRELATION?

A

Attempts to determine whether a relationship exists between 2 or more quantifiable variables to what degree
-Describes/predicts relationships among variables w/o active manipulation of the variables
-***Degree of relationship is expressed as a correlation coefficient ranging from -1.00 to +1.00
A. If the correlation is near +1.00 the variables are positively correlated
B. If the correlation is near 0 then the variables are not related
C. If the correlation is near -1.00 then the variables are inversely related

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4
Q

What are examples of correlational research?

A
  1. Retrospective (past research)
  2. Prospective (present data)
  3. Descriptive (investigation of several variables at once; determines existing relationships among variables
  4. Predictive: develops predictive models
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5
Q

What are parametric tests?

A

-Testing is based on population parameters; includes INTERVAL OR RATIO data
-Types of tests: T TEST, TWO TAILED T TEST, ANOVA AND ANCOVA

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6
Q

What is a T-test?

A

Parametric test of significance used to compare 2 INDEPENDENT GROUPS created by random assignment and identify a difference at a selected probability level (ex: 0.05)
A) T test for independent samples: compares the difference between 2 IND groups (ex: does a hand splint help RA)
B) T test for paired samples: compares the difference between 2 matched samples (ex: does therapy improve function in siblings with autism?). Use One tailed T test and Two tailed T test for the paired samples
-You cannot use a T test to compare more than 2 means w/in a single sample; (ex: three modes of exercise are compared within a single sample)

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7
Q

What is a one tailed T test?

A

Based on a directional hypothesis; evaluates differences in data on only one end of a distribution, either negative or positive
Ex: pt’s who receive a certain trx exhibit better rehab outcomes than those who do not

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8
Q

What is a two tailed T test?

A

Based on a non directional hypothesis; evaluates differences in data on both + and - ends of a distribution; tests of significance are almost always 2 tailed. Ex: either group of pt’s (trx or control) may exhibit better rehab outcomes

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9
Q

What is ANOVA?

A

(Analysis of variance)
-a parametric test used to compare 3 or more independent trx groups or conditions at a selected probability level
A. Simple one way ANOVA: compares multiple groups on a single independent variable
-Ex: 3 sets of post test scores are compared from 3 categories of elderly (young, old elderly and old frail elderly)
B. Multi-factorial ANOVA: compares multiple groups on 2 or more IND variables
-Ex: 2 groups of injured patients (severe ankle sprain and moderate) and a control group are compared for muscle activation patterns and sensory perception in each limb

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10
Q

What is ANCOVA?

A

Analysis of covariance
-a parametric test used to compare 2 or more trx groups or conditions while also controlling for the effects of intervening variables
-Ex: 2 groups of subjects are compared on the basis of gait parameters using 2 different types of AD’s; subjects in one group are taller than subjects in the second group; height then becomes the covariate that must be controlled during statistical analysis

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11
Q

What are the non parametric tests?

A

No parametric: ordinal and nominal data
Tests: Chi-square

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12
Q

What is a nonparametric test?

A

Testing is not based on population parameters; includes ordinal or nominal data
-Used when parametric tests assumptions cannot be met
-Less powerful than parametric tests, more difficult to reject the null hypothesis

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13
Q

What is a Chi square test?

A

Tells the researcher whether the observed pattern, trait, or distribution is different than what would have been expected by chance alone
-Used in genetics or with population statistics
-Commonly used to rest relationships and differences between categorical variables

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14
Q

What is correlational statistics?

A
  1. Used to determine the relative strength of a relationship between two variables. Ex: compare progression of radiologically observed joint destruction in RA and its relationship to demographic variables (age), disease severity and exercise frequency
  2. Strength of relationships
    A. Positive correlations range from 0 to 1: indicates that as variable X increases so does Y
    -Good reliability >0.75
    -Mod reliability: 0.50 to 0.75
    -Poor reliability: <0.50
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15
Q

What is reliability?

A

-The degree to which an instrument measures a phenomenon accurately, dependably, time after time without variation
-Interrater
-Intrarater
-Test-retest reliability
-Split half reliability

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16
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

Two or more independent raters can obtain the same rating for a given variable; the consistency of MULTIPLE raters

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17
Q

What is intrarater reliability?

A

The degree to which ONE rather can obtain the same rating for a given variable on multiple measurement trials, an individuals consistency of rating

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18
Q

What is Test-retest reliability?

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A

The degree to which the scores on a test are stable or consistent over time; a measure of instrument reliability

19
Q

What is validity?

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A

The degree to which a test, instrument, or procedure accurately measures what it it supposed to or intended to measure
-Internal/external validity
-Face validity
-Content validity
-Concurrent validity
-Predictive validity
-Construct validity

20
Q

Internal validity?

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A

Degree to which the observed differences on the dependent variable are the direct result of manipulation of the independent variable and not another variable

21
Q

What is external validity?

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A

The degree to which the results are generalizable to individuals (general population) on environmental settings outside of the experimental study

22
Q

Face validity?

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A

The assumption of validity based on the appearance of an instrument as a reasonable measure of a variable; may be used for initial screening of a test instrument but psychometrically unsound

23
Q

Content validity?

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A

The degree to which an instrument measures an intended content area
-Determined by expert judgement
-Requires both item validity and sampling

24
Q

Concurrent validity?

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A

The degree to which the scores on one test are related to the scores on another criterion test with both tests being given at relatively similar times; usually involves comparison to the GOLD STANDARD

25
Predictive validity?
The degree to which a test is able to predict future performance
26
Construct validity?
The degree to which a test measures an intended hypothetical abstract concept (nonobservable behaviors or ideas)
27
What is a confidence interval?
-A range of values so defined that there is a specified, usually 95% probability that the value of a parameter lies within it -Provide limits above and below the mean/average in which the actual value is likely to fall. -Provides the accuracy or precision of an estimate
28
What is an independent variable?
A variable that is being manipulated by the researcher. In research it is usually the trx administered to the subjects (exercise, US)
29
What is the dependent variable?
The variable being measured to determine the outcome (ROM, pain relief, HR) -If you are confused, make a graph. The IND variable is x-axis and the dependent is the Y axis
30
What is effect size?
-Magnitude of the difference between the groups -The absolute effect size provides the difference between the average (mean) outcomes in 2 different intervention groups -Importance: P VALUE tells us whether an effect exists, but does not share the size of the effect -Effect size between groups is shared as Cohen’s D, Odds or Risk ratio -Effect size for associations is shared as Pearson’s coefficient or R2 coefficient of determination
31
What are the levels of evidence?
Level I: systematic review/metanalysis or high quality RCT’s, diagnostic or prospective studies Level II: Systematic review/metanalysis of lower quality RCT’s diagnostic or prospective studies Level III: Case control or retrospective studies Level IV: case series Level V: expert opinion 1. Meta analysis 2. Systematic review 3. RCT’s 4. Cohort studies 5. Case control studies 6. Cross sectional studies 7. Case series/ case reports
32
What is standard deviation?
A determination of variability of scores from the mean -The most frequently used measure of variability -Appropriate with interval or ratio data -Normal: a symmetrical bell shaped curve indicating the distribution of scores A. Half the scores are above the mean and half are below the mean (See SD graph in “Mega bootcamp” in Goodnotes
33
What is regression?
-relates a dependent variable to 1 or more IND variables -Used to determine how 1 variable affects another in the form of an equation -Purpose is to generate an equation that relates X to Y if the values can be predicted
34
What is the null hypothesis?
States that no relationship exists between variables, a statistical hypothesis; any relationship found is the result of chance or sampling error A. The null is rejected; meaning that a significant difference was observed between groups or treatments B. The null is accepted; meaning that no significant difference was observed between the groups or treatments
35
Normative research?
Investigates standards of behavior, standard values for given characteristics of a sample Ex: gait characteristics
36
What is a nominal scale?
Classifies variables or scores into two or more mutually exclusive categories Ex: female and male, tall or short
37
What is an ordinal scale?
Classifies and ranks variables or scores in terms of the degree to which the possess a common characteristic -The ranks are NOT equal -Ex: subjects are ranked in a graduating class, MMT
38
What is an interval scale?
Classifies and ranks variables or scores based on predetermined equal intervals -Ex: DOES NOT have a true zero point- Fahrenheit, IQ test ranging form 0-1000
39
What is a ratio scale?
Classifies and ranks variables or scores based on = intervals and a TRUE ZERO POINT Ex: the highest, most precise level of measurement, goniometry, scales for height, weight
40
What is the minimal detectable change (MDC)
The smallest amount of change in a measurement that exceeds the measurement error of the instrument; reflects a true change in status
41
What is the minimally important clinical difference (MCID)?
The smallest difference in a measured variable that signifies a clinically important change in status
42
What is a Type I error?
The null hypothesis is rejected by the researcher when it is true -Means the scores are concluded to be truly different when the differences are due to change
43
What is a type II error?
The null hypothesis is not rejected by the researcher when it is false -The means of scores are concluded to be due to chance when the means are truly different

PTTutor Other Systems (11 decks)

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