Research

Question 1

Independent Variable

Answer 1

something that is manipulated by the researcher

Question 2

Variables

Answer 2

something that has more than one possible value
- types: independent, dependent, confounding

Question 3

Dependent Variable

Answer 3

something that is affected by change

Question 4

Confounding Variable

Answer 4

a variable that affects research that hasn’t been accounted for in the research

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

an educated guess; a prediction about an outcome

Question 6

Random

Answer 6

having independent and equal chance of selection

Question 7

Reliability

Answer 7

getting the same results consistently

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

accuracy

Question 9

If something is not reliable, can it be valid?

Answer 9

NO

Question 10

If something is valid, can it be reliable?

Answer 10

YES

Question 11

Research Designs

Answer 11

how experiments are set up
- types: descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental

Question 12

Descriptive Research Design

Answer 12

describes some phenomenon
- types: case studies and qualitative studies

Question 13

Case Study

Answer 13

type of descriptive research design where on unique bounded system is studied
- ex: an individual, a household

Question 14

Qualitative Study

Answer 14

type of descriptive research design that studies description of qualities

Question 15

Correlational Research Design

Answer 15

studying the relationship between two groups
- types: cross-sectional and longitudinal

Question 16

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 16

type of correlational study that compares people at different points in life
- ex: 10 yo, 20 yo, and 30 yo

Question 17

Longitudinal Study

Answer 17

type of correlational study that follows the same group of people over a long period of time

Question 18

Quasi-Experimental

Answer 18

research design where the researcher aims to find a causal relationship between two variables without randomization

Question 19

Experimental

Answer 19

research design where the researcher has full control of manipulation

Question 20

Research Methods

Answer 20

ways to collect data
- types: observations, surveys/questionnaires, exams/tests

Question 21

Observations

Answer 21

a type of research method that provides behavior of participants
- disadvantages: misinterpretations, articial behaviors
- types: naturalistic and lab

Question 22

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 22

researcher goes to the setting of the participant to collect data

Question 23

Lab Observation

Answer 23

participants goes to the researcher for data collection

Question 24

Surveys/Questionnaires

Answer 24

a type of research method that gets opinions of participants
- disadvantages: limited responses, untruthful
- types: self-administered, interview, focus groups

Question 25

Self-Administered Survey/Questionnaire

Answer 25

individual completes on their own

Question 26

Interview Survey/Questionnaire

Answer 26

researcher is reading questions and recording answers

Question 27

Focus Group Survey/Questionnaire

Answer 27

group interview style where the researcher asks questions and their are multiple participants present to provide answers

Question 28

Exam/Test

Answer 28

a type of research method that is a measurement of the participants knowledge - disadvantages: does not perfectly capture knowledge, test anxiety

Question 29

4 Protections of Participants in Ethics

Answer 29

1. do no harm 2. consent 3. confidentiality 4. data security

Question 30

What event caused an ethical issue for research?

Answer 30

Nuremberg Trials - people has mistreated others - caused the standards for ethics that we have today

Question 31

Describe "do no harm"

Answer 31

do what you can to prevent the individuals from harm

Question 32

Describe "consent"

Answer 32

informed permission; must be aware of the risks

Question 33

Describe "confidentiality"

Answer 33

no one outside of the experimental conditions knows who was in the study and what information they shared

Question 35

Describe "data security"

Answer 35

information shared within research is protected

Question 36

How do accuracy and interpretations impact ethics?

Answer 36

researchers must make sure the information is accurate and interpreted appropriately - must be sure if you're making any type of claim