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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY > RESEARCH > Flashcards

RESEARCH Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS RESEARCH

A

Research is a systematic and organized process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information (data) to increase our understanding of a phenomenon or to solve a specific problem

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2
Q

WHAT IS RESEARCH IN SCIENTIFIC TERM

A

research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and evaluating data; making deductions and
reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis

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3
Q

TYPES OF SAMPLING

A

DELIBERATE,RANDOM ,SYSTEMATIC (LIKE EVERY 15TH HOUSE ),STRATIFIED ,CLUSTER,QUOTA,MULTI STAGING,SEQUENTIAL

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4
Q

How many types of trials are there explain each

A
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5
Q

What is a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)?

A

Participants randomly assigned to treatment or control groups.

Testing a new drug vs. placebo.

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6
Q

What is a Double-Blind Trial?

A

Neither participants nor researchers know group assignments.

Antidepressant trial with real drug and placebo.

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7
Q

What is a Single-Blind Trial?

A

Only participants don’t know which group they’re in.

Weight loss drug trial.

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8
Q

What is an Open-Label Trial?

A

Both participants and researchers know who gets what.

Drug trial where ethical concerns prevent blinding.

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9
Q

What is a Cross-Over Trial?

A

Participants receive both treatment and placebo at different times.

Migraine drug trial with switch after washout.

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10
Q

What is an Observational Study?

A

No intervention; researchers just observe outcomes.

Study following people’s diets and heart health.

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11
Q

What is a Cohort Study?

A

Follows a group over time based on exposure.

Comparing smokers vs. non-smokers for lung disease.

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12
Q

What is a Case-Control Study?

A

Compares people with a condition to those without.

Studying causes of rare cancers.

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13
Q

What is a Cluster Randomized Trial?

A

Entire groups (e.g. schools or clinics) are randomized.

Schools randomly assigned to a new nutrition program.

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14
Q

What is a Placebo-Controlled Trial?

A

Control group receives an inactive substance (placebo).

Vaccine trial comparing real shot to saline injection.

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15
Q

What is a Control Group?

A

A group in a study that does not receive the experimental treatment. It serves as a baseline for comparison.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of a Control Group?

A

To see what would happen without the new treatment.

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17
Q

What are the types of control groups?

A
  1. Placebo control – gets a fake treatment (sugar pill).
  2. Active control – gets a standard or already approved treatment.
  3. No treatment control – gets no treatment at all.
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18
Q

What is a Placebo?

A

A fake treatment that looks like the real one but has no active ingredients or therapeutic effect.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of a Placebo?

A

To eliminate the psychological effect (placebo effect), where people feel better simply because they think they’re being treated.

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20
Q

Can you provide an example of a Control Group and Placebo in a drug trial?

A

In a drug trial for headaches:
- Treatment group gets the real headache medicine.
- Placebo control group gets a sugar pill (placebo).
- The placebo group is a type of control group.

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21
Q

What are modifiers in research methodology?

A

Modifiers are variables or factors that can influence the outcome of a research study.

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22
Q

True or False: Modifiers can only be independent variables.

A

False

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ modifier affects the strength or direction of the relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

A

moderating

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24
Q

What type of modifier is used to specify the conditions under which a relationship holds?

A

Moderating variable

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25
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of modifier? A) Mediating B) Moderating C) Independent D) Confounding
C) Independent
26
What is a mediating variable?
A variable that explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
27
True or False: Confounding variables can provide false conclusions in research.
True
28
Fill in the blank: A _______ variable is one that is not controlled for but influences both the independent and dependent variables.
confounding
29
What is the primary role of a moderating variable?
To change the strength or direction of the relationship between two other variables.
30
Multiple Choice: Which of these is an example of a moderating variable? A) Age B) Stress level C) Education D) All of the above
D) All of the above
31
What does a confounding variable do in a research study?
It introduces bias by affecting both the independent and dependent variables.
32
True or False: Mediating variables can be considered as part of the causal chain between independent and dependent variables.
True
33
Fill in the blank: To establish a causal relationship, researchers must control for _______ variables.
confounding
34
What is the effect of a moderating variable on a research hypothesis?
It can either strengthen or weaken the hypothesis.
35
Multiple Choice: Which type of modifier would you use to analyze how gender affects the relationship between stress and health outcomes? A) Mediating B) Moderating C) Confounding D) None of the above
B) Moderating
36
What is the difference between mediating and moderating variables?
Mediating variables explain the relationship, while moderating variables affect the strength or direction of the relationship.
37
True or False: All modifiers must be measured and included in a research study.
False
38
Fill in the blank: The presence of _______ variables can lead to incorrect interpretations of research findings.
confounding
39
What is an example of a mediating variable in a study examining education and income?
Job skills
40
Multiple Choice: In a study about exercise and weight loss, which variable could be a confounding variable? A) Diet B) Motivation C) Time spent exercising D) All of the above
A) Diet
41
What type of analysis is used to identify the influence of modifiers in research?
Statistical analysis
42
True or False: Moderating variables can only be demographic factors.
False
43
Fill in the blank: Researchers often use _______ analysis to control for confounding variables.
regression
44
What is the significance of identifying modifiers in a research study?
It helps to clarify the relationships between variables and improve the validity of the findings.
45
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common method for assessing mediating variables? A) Surveys B) Experiments C) Path analysis D) Interviews
C) Path analysis
46
What is the role of control variables in relation to modifiers?
Control variables are held constant to isolate the effect of the modifiers.
47
What are modifiers in research?
Modifiers are variables that change the effect of an exposure on an outcome, known as effect modifiers.
48
What is a biological modifier?
A biological factor that changes the effect of an exposure. ## Footnote Example: Age may modify how a vaccine works—more effective in young people, less in the elderly.
49
What is an environmental modifier?
An external or environmental factor that changes an effect. ## Footnote Example: Climate or pollution may change how air quality affects asthma severity.
50
What is a behavioral modifier?
Lifestyle or behavior that changes the risk or effect of an exposure. ## Footnote Example: Smoking may modify the effect of asbestos exposure on lung cancer risk.
51
What is a genetic modifier?
A person’s genetic makeup can change how they respond to an exposure or treatment. ## Footnote Example: Some genes modify how well a person responds to a cholesterol-lowering drug.
52
What is a socioeconomic modifier?
Social or economic status may influence the relationship between exposure and outcome. ## Footnote Example: Income level may modify how diet affects health outcomes like diabetes.
53
What is research hypothesis?
A prediction or hypothesize relationship to be tested by scientific methods is known as research hypothesis. It is a predictive statement that relates an independent variable to a dependent variable research hypothesis must contain at least one independent and one dependent variable.
54
Non Experimental hypothesis testing research
The hypothesis in which the independent variable is not manipulated is non-experimental type of dressing
55
What is experimental hypothesis testing research?
The research in which the independent variable is manipulated is term experimental hypothesis, testing research
56
Do an example of non-experimental hypothesis, testing, and experimental hypothesis testing
 suppose a researcher wants to study whether intelligent affects the reading ability of a group Randomly selects 50 students and test their intelligence and reading ability by calculating the coefficient of correlation between the two set of scores. This is example of non-experimental hypothesis testing because the independent intelligence is not manipulated. Now now he randomly selects 50 students from a group of students who are to take a quote in statistics and then divide them into two groups by randomly signing 25 two group pay and 25 to group group. He gives a special program while to group, he gives a normal programnow at the end of the course he administers a test to each group in order to the effectiveness of the training program on the students performance level, this is an example of experiments in this case independent variable is the type of training program is manipulated.
57
What is control group in the experimental hypothesis testing
When a group is exposed to usual condition, it is control group
58
What is experimental group?
When a group is exposed to some novel or special condition, it determines experimental group
59
What is pilot study?
pilot study** (also called a **feasibility study** or **pilot test**) is a small-scale, preliminary investigation conducted **before the main research project**. Its primary purpose is to **test and refine the methods, procedures, and tools** planned for the larger study.
60
Example of pilot study
Imagine planning a large nationwide survey on eating habits. A pilot study might involve surveying 30 people from one town. You'd test: * How long does the survey *actually* take? * Are any questions confusing or poorly worded? * Are the recruitment methods (e.g., flyers, emails) effective in attracting participants? * Is the online survey platform working smoothly? * Are the response options sufficient? * Based on the pilot feedback, you would revise the survey, adjust recruitment strategies, and get a better estimate of how many people you need to contact nationally to get your desired sample size.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (1 decks)

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