Research final cj Flashcards
(19 cards)
Emic vs Etic (Ethnography)
Emic “Insider’s view”
-information supplied by participants in a study.
-Researchers try to see the world through the eyes of the people they’re studying.
-First-order concepts = local language and ways of expression a cultural-sharing group .
-Focuses on how people within a culture understand/ explain their own behavior.
Etic “Outsider’s view”
- ethnographer’s interpretation of the participants’ perspectives.
- how the researcher interprets the culture or behavior using external concepts
- Second-order concepts= language used by the social scientist or educator to refer to the same phenomena mentioned by the participants
-analytical and compares data across cultures
Negotiation data (Ethnography)
consists of information that the participant and researcher agree to use in a study.
Negotiation occurs at different stages in research:
-agreeing to entry procedures for a site,
-mutually respecting individuals at the site,
-developing a plan for giving back or reciprocating with the individuals.
Reflexivity in data collection
-Refers to the researcher being self-aware and openly discussing their role in the study, in a way that honors and respects the study and participant.
Coding & Memo :
Code-Used to interpret and organize the data that’s found in the research
Memo-Notes that the researching writes throughout the research the research process to elaborate on ideas about the data
Triangulation in data collection
-investigators improve their inquiries/enhance credibility of the findings
by collecting and integrating different kinds of data on the same phenomenon.
The three points to the triangle are the two sources of the data and the phenomenon.
Ethical issues
1-Beneficence
2-Risk v benefit
3-Data fabrication
4-Re using data
5-Non reporting
6-Plagiarism
7-Respect for persons
8-Justice
9-Informed consent
10-Selection
Similarities/differences
Quantitative:
Intervention Research-
-Experimental
Non- Intervention Research-
-Correlational
-Survey
Qualitative:
-Grounded
-Ethnographic
-Narrative
Combined
-Mix-Method
-Action
-Scatter plots (Correlation)
-What
graph that uses data to find if there is a relationship between two + variables.
-used?
Helps us visualize the type of relationship between two variables.
-direction can be determined by direction (+ -) and form (linear or nonlinear)
-Outliers are easier to see
-R value are used to determine the strength of the data
1-Correlation Matrix.
2-Correlation coefficients*
1- visual display of correlation coefficients in studies. It displays how variables relate to each other or not, and how strongly they do.
-Reserches use to predict outcomes based on more than one predictable variable. They show how 2 variables relate at a time.
2- Statistic that expresses a correlation as linear relationship between two variables
-indicated by R value
Experimental designs
between/within
Between group designs
True experiment: Random assignment
Quasi experiment: group already exist no random assignment
Causal: comparative: just compares existing groups, no treatment
Factorial: test many things at once
**Within group designs:
Time series: tests the same group over time
Repeated measures: Everyone tries all conditions
Single-subject: focuses on one person
Types of Action designs
1-Participatory
-People affected are the ones to conduct the research (inside)
-Social and community oriented
-gain knowledge/societal change
-collaboration, empowerment, action oriented outcome
2- Practical action research
-How research is conducted -main purpose to solve local issue
-Used on education institutes and social services agencies, workplaces
-Focus on how research is conducted by the involved/themselves- teachers, mamagers
Types of Ethnographic designs
-Realistic ethnography: Objective, third person account of a group’s culture
-Case study: Detailed examination of a specific program, event or group.
-Critical ethnography: Focus on social justice and advocates for marginalized groups.
Types of Correlational designs -
Explantory
-the researcher finds two variables where changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other. (change together)
Prediction design
-Identify variables that will predict an outcome or
-the investigator identifies one or more predictor variable and an outcome variable
Types of Survey designs -
*Cross sectional:
-Research is collected all at once
-used to study opinions and beliefs compares two different groups
*Longitudinal:
-Research collected over a period of time.
(follow them over a specific amount of time)
-Trend studies- specific time frame, represent a bigger picture, documents changes over time.
-Cohort studies- done all at once a study done from a smaller group, finds participants to share a specific attribute and and participants may change / vary overtime.
-Panel :Done over small segments over a long period of time, the same participants
Types of Mixed Method designs -
Sub designs:
Sequential explanatory :
- Both datas are collected and analyzed in two phases, the quantitative data and then the qualitative data collection, to explain and the results of the quantitative data.
- identifies the quantitative data from the qualitative data
Convergent - parallel construct:
-gathers both qualitative quantitative data at the same time, analyzes them separately, compare and contrast the results by any errors or similarities.
-inconsistencies = divergence researcher must collect more data.
-compare results to see if they converse.
Complex designs:
-The experimental design:
**Strengthen research by collecting and analyzing secondary **
-before, during, after the experiment.
-The social justice- transformative:
framework (feminist, radical, socialism, multicultural, ect) -ddress social issue/ guide the development of questions
-steps/ clear demand for change must be addressed in the conclusion for beneficial change for marginalized individuals.
-The multiusage evaluation design:
uses a** combination of basic designs** and includes distinct stages to integrate formative (understanding progress and new knowledge) and summative (understanding the overall progress and outcomes) steps in order to enhance a program
Types of Narrative designs -
**Studying human life through stories people tell
The specific type depends on several factors:
-who: biographies ( researcher writes about another) -autobiographies ( individual about themselves)
-popular memories
-enthphyscolgies
-autoethnographies
-autobiography’s
-ethnohistory’s
-life stories and history’s
-documents of life
-personal accounts
-personal documents
-life writing
-personal narratives
-narrative interviews
●Coding for Themes: categories
● Context or Setting: deatails
● Collaborating with Participants
Grounded theory –
Systematic design strauss
-uses the data analysis steps: 1 Open coding, 2 Axial coding, 3 Selective coding
-then develops a logic paradigm pattern/model or visual picture of the theory that is created.
Emergent design- Glazer
-Researcher builds a theory and examines the relationships among categories without a diagram/ picture.
Constructivist design- charmaz
- researcher explains the feelings of an individual experience a process and also mentions their beliefs/values and avoids predetermined categories
- this approach acknowledges the beliefs, values, experiences and priorities of the research.
Gounded theory coding
-Open coding: Researcher forms until categories of info about the phenomenon being studied by a]divians and organizing information into categories (data can be from interviews, observations, researcher notes)
Axial coding: Researcher selects 1 open coding category to focus on in the process being explored (aka the core phenomenon) and relates other categories to it.
Selective coding : Researcher writes a theory about the interrelationship of the categories found in the axial coding phase.
People -grounded theory
lewin-coined action
Glaser
Chamaz
Lewin
-Kurt lewin-
German american social psychologist who coined the term “action research” in the 1930s
Glaser
-Glazer criticized the systematic approach saying it overemphasized rules and procedures,
-too much theory verification rather than generating a theory.
-believed we should let theory emerge from data instead of using specific present categories in axial coding
-Said the objective of grounded theory is to explain a basic social process which connects categories and emerging theory, not just describing categories.
Strauss
Chamaz:
-charmez focuses on meaning that participants in the study ascribe, participants views, values, beliefs, feelings, assumptions are more important than Gathering / describing Acts
- believes that things might obscure experiences will make them less clear by using complex terms diagrams, conceptual maps, Etc
Strauss: coding
