research methodology

Question 1

Type of Quantitative Studies

Answer 1

Experimental, correlation, descriptive

Question 2

Variables

Independent

Answer 2

manipulated to see a change in DV

Question 3

variable

control

Answer 3

variables that are kept constant

Question 3

variable

Dependent

Answer 3

what is observed after manipulating the IV

Question 4

variable

Confounding

Answer 4

variables that could effect the DV apart from the IV

Question 5

Qualitative sampling

Random

Answer 5

chosen at random/equal chance to all

Question 6

Qualitative sampling

Stratified

Answer 6

percentage of target population decide on size of sample

Question 7

Qualitative sampling

Self-selected

Answer 7

self responding people are chosen

Question 7

Quantitative sampling

Convenience

Answer 7

most easily available

Question 8

Experimental designs

Independent Measures Design

Answer 8

random allocation into groups and a comparison is made between groups, different participants go through different trials

Question 9

Validity

Internal

Answer 9

to what extent is the change in DV cause by IV

Question 9

Experiment designs

Matched Pairs Design

Answer 9

similar to independent measures, participants are put into pairs an allocate into a group

Question 9

Experimental designs

Repeated Measure Design

Answer 9

use when the goal is to compare conditions, exposed to two or more conditions

Question 9

Validity

Construct

Answer 9

to what extent do the operationalisations reflect thr constructs

Question 10

Validity, external

Population

Answer 10

to what extent can the findings be generalised to the wider population

Question 10

Validity, external

Ecological

Answer 10

to what extent can the finidings be generalised to rea life settings

Question 10

threats to internal validity

selection

Answer 10

if the groups are not equivalent at the start

Question 11

threats to internal validity

History

Answer 11

outside events that happen to participants in the course of the experiment

Question 12

threats to internal validity

Maturation

Answer 12

participants go through natural developmental processes (fatigue)

Question 12

threats to internal validity

Testing Effect

Answer 12

the first measurement of the DV may affect the second measurement

Question 12

threats to internal validity

Regression to the mean

Answer 12

tendency for scores to average out

Question 13

threats to internal validity

Instrumentation

Answer 13

when the instrument of the DV changes slightly between measurements

Question 14

threats to internal validity

Experiment Mortality

Answer 14

some participants may drop out during

Question 14

threats to internal validity

Experimenter bias

Answer 14

the researcher unintentionally exerts an influence on the results

Question 15

# Types of experiments True lab

Answer 15

can infer causation, manipulated by researcher

Question 15

# Types of experiments True Field

Answer 15

can infer causation, manipulated by the researcher

Question 16

# Types of experiments Natural

Answer 16

cannot infer causation, manipulated by nature

Question 17

# Qualitative research Qualitative credibility

Answer 17

Triangulation

Question 18

# Triangulation Method

Answer 18

using different methods to compensate

Question 18

# Types of experiments Quasi

Answer 18

cannot infer causation, not manipulated (pre-existing difference

Question 19

# Triangulation Data

Answer 19

using a variety of sources

Question 19

# Triangulation Researcher

Answer 19

combining observations or interpretations of different researchers

Question 20

# Qualitative Bias, participant Acquiescence

Answer 20

the tendency to give positive answers

Question 21

# Qualitative Bias, participant social desirability

Answer 21

tendency to respond or behave in a way that they think will make them liked or accepted

Question 21

# Qualitative Bias, participant dominant

Answer 21

one participant influences the behaviour and responses of others

Question 22

# Qualitative Bias, participant sensitivity

Answer 22

tendency to answer regular questions honestly but distort their responses to sensitive subjects

Question 23

# Qualitative Bias, researcher confirmation

Answer 23

the researcher has a prior belief and uses the research to confirm that belief

Question 24

# Quantitative, sampling snowball

Answer 24

focus group volunteer other people

Question 25

# Quantitative, sampling quota

Answer 25

size and characteristice are pre-defined

Question 26

# Quantitative, sampling Purposive

Answer 26

characteristice are pre-defined

Question 27

# Researcher bias leading questions

Answer 27

the wording of questions lead to specific answers

Question 28

# Researcher bias question order

Answer 28

one answer influences the other responses

Question 29

# Researcher bias sampling

Answer 29

sample isn't adequate

Question 30

# Types of generalisability sample-to-population

Answer 30

difficult, selecting a sample from population that is most representative (random sampling)

Question 30

# Researcher bias Reporting

Answer 30

not equal representation in report

Question 31

# Types of generalisability Theoretical

Answer 31

particular observations to broader theory

Question 32

# Types of generalisability Case-to-case

Answer 32

different group, context or setting

Question 33

# Qualitative research methods lab observation

Answer 33

for when the behaviour observed is unethical to arrange naturally

Question 34

# Qualitative research methods natural observation

Answer 34

natural behaviour, not arranged

Question 35

# Qualitative research methods: Observation overt

Answer 35

particiapnts are aware of the observation

Question 36

# Qualitative research methods: Observation covert

Answer 36

particiapnts are unaware of the observation

Question 37

# Qualitative research methods: Observation participant

Answer 37

observer becomes apart of the observed group

Question 38

# Qualitative research methods: Observation structured

Answer 38

systematic and standardised

Question 39

# Qualitative research methods: Observation unstructured

Answer 39

not pre-defined, notes are whatever the researcher deems worthy

Question 40

# Qualitative research methods: Interviews structured

Answer 40

fixed list of questions in a fixed order

Question 41

# Qualitative research methods: Interviews semi-structured

Answer 41

researcher knows what types of questions must be asked but follow-up questions can be asked

Question 42

# Bias Demand Characteristics

Answer 42

any cue from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by participants as revealing the purpose of the investigation