Research methods Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Question context
Briefly outline quantitative and qualitative research.
Week/Topic
A
Quantitative gives numerical data, qualitative gives non-numeric data.
2
Q
Briefly outline the study by Johnson & Tudor (1939) into stuttering.
A
They demonstrated that stuttering could be induced by persistently drawing attention to minor imperfections in a child’s speech.
- 22 orphans
- Half given positive speech therapy
- Half had attention drawn to every slight speech imperfection
8/11 of those who had attention drawn to speech imperfections developed a stutter.
3
Q
Define inductive and deductive.
A
Inductive:
- the inference of general laws from particular instances.
Deductive:
- characterised by/based on the inference of particular instances from a general law.
4
Q
Explain triangulation in the principle of commitment and vigour.
A
- Combining of methods of data collection
- analysis to gain a multi-layered understanding of the research topic.
(Combination of observations, questionnaire responses and participant comments)
5
Q
Give 3 general design principles for surveys.
A
Keep it short
Make sure its readable
Provide appropriate response options.
6
Q
Give examples of unobtrusive methods of data collection.
A
Archival documents
Simple observation
Audio
Self-report
7
Q
Give examples of what surveys are used to gather data on. (6 listed)
A
Attitudes
Behaviours
Opinions
Motivations
Emotions
Satisfaction
8
Q
Give some examples of different formats of rating scale. (7 listed)
A
Dichotomous
Multichotomous
Likert scale
Graphic rating scale
Non-verbal scale
Ranking scale
Semantic differential scale
9
Q
How are design decisions made for research and what are the uses of quantitative and qualitative decisions?
A
They are led by research questions and current knowledge of a research topic.
QUANT:
- used for validating existing knowledge and assumptions.
QUAL:
- used for exploratory insights
10
Q
How can a good interviewer facilitate good interviews?
A
Create a safe environment.
Address ethical issues: consent, confidentiality, post-interview support.
Care for the interviewees wellbeing
Be flexible and self-aware.
Be aware of non-verbal communication.
Use language effectively
11
Q
How does transferability relate to the principle of impact and importance?
A
- degree to which the results of the qualitative research can be transferred to other contexts or settings with other
- ‘user’ of the research decides whether the findings are transferrable to their research problem.
12
Q
How much risk is allowed in studies and what is the researcher responsible for?
A
Normally, risk must be no greater than in ordinary life.
Responsibility to:
- identify potential risks
- develop protocols for risk management
- inform participants of any risks
13
Q
In what situations is giving advice ethical?
A
- It forms an intrinsic part of the study
- It has been agreed with the participant in advance
- It has been subject to ethics review in advance
14
Q
Is this question qualitative or quantitative? Why?
- Do smaller class sizes increase sense of belonging?
A
Quantitative:
- Quantifiable and is a question about causality.
15
Q
Is this question qualitative or quantitative? Why?
- How do students make sense of community within a large university setting?
A
Qualitative:
- It’s exploratory, identifies a specific context, a specific group and is focused on understanding.
16
Q
Name some conditions that impair an individuals ability to give consent. (6 listed)
A
dementia
mental illness
learning disability
brain damage
intoxication
any other condition causing confusion, drowsiness or loss of consciousness
17
Q
Name the different types of data analysis.
A
Thematic analysis
Interprative phenomological analysis
Grounded theory
Conversation analysis
Content analysis
18
Q
Name the different ways of data collection.
A
Interviews
Naturally recorded talk
Observation
Images.
19
Q
Name the two main ethical codes.
A
World health organisation (Declaration of Helsinki)
- guide for conducting medical research with human subjects.
British Psychological Society
- guides for carrying out psychological research.
20
Q
Outline 5 ways to maximise response rates in surveys.
A
Keeping them short
Keeping them simple and clear
Including a pre-paid envelope with postal surveys
Sending a remidner
Offering an incentive.
21
Q
Outline commitment and rigour as one of Yardley’s principles.
A
It is the completeness of data collection, samples should be purposive - collect enough data to address the question.
- aim for data saturation, the point at which no new ideas are drawn from the data.
22
Q
Outline confidentiality.
A
- Information provided by particpants in research should not be divulged to any outside source (anonymity)
- identifying information kept confidential unless participants agree in advance.
23
Q
Outline deception in relation to ethics and what the two types of deception are.
A
Participants have the right not to be deceived unnecessarily - only if it is just in regards to dealing with reactivity.
Deception by comission (actively misleading)
Deception by omission (failing to disclose all the information)
24
Q
Outline non-participation in relation to consent
A
Participants should be advised at the outset that they have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw from the study.
- at any time
- without giving a reason
- without prejudice
25
Outline sensitivity to context as one of Yardley's principles.
It is the awareness of a broader context that the research is conducted in.
- the relevant literature
- 'common sense' concepts and assumptions
- socio-cultural setting
26
Outline some complex ways of transcript analysis.
Prosody (phonetic aspects of spoken language e.g., the stressing and intonation of words)
Paralinguistics (non-phonemic aspects of language e.g., how they speak - stressed tone, relaxed tone).
Extralinguistic (non-linguistic aspects e.g., gesture)
27
Outline some guidelines for using closed questions.
More useful in explanatory or predictive work.
Ensure that the questions are unambiguous and the reponse options are clear.
Carefully consider the style of response options.
28
Outline some guidelines on using open questions.
More useful for descriptive, exploratory work.
Use if its justified and make sure to ensure the focus is clear.
Decide on the analysis strategy from the outset.
29
Outline some key considerations in the order of surveys.
Dividing the survey into sections
Start with easy and engaging questions
Use funnelling/branching questions if appropriate.
30
Outline some points of consideration of respect as a principle in the BPS ethics guidelines. (3 items)
Privacy and confidentiality
Issues of power
Consent
31
Outline structured interviews.
Interviewer uses same questions, in the same order, and the same setting.
There may be suggested response options (answers can be coded and quantified for statistical analysis)
Interviewee has a passive role.
32
Outline survey research as a data collection tool.
Presented as questionnaires or interviews and can generate either quantitative or qualitative data - or a mix of both.
Used to operationalise constructs.
33
Outline the aim and use of qualitative research questions.
Phrased to emphasise experiences, understanding, meaning, exploration and on the perspectives of an individual or group in a specific context.
Phrased to avoid quantification, assumptions about causality, reduction of complexity, generalisable.
34
Outline the continuum of interviews from interviewer led to interviewee led (4 types).
From interviewer led to interviewee led:
Structured, semi-structured, unstructured, focus groups.
35
Outline the principle 'maximising benefit and minimising harm' as a principal of the BPS code of human research ethics.
- Psychologists consider all research from standpoint of the research participants
- aim to avoid potential risks to psychological well-being, mental health, personal values, or dignity
36
Outline the principle 'respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons' as a principal of the BPS code of human research ethics.
**value dignity and worth of all persons equally**
- sensitivity to the dynamics of perceived authority or influence over others
- people's rights including those of privacy and self-determination.
37
Outline the principle 'scientific value' as a principal of the BPS code of human research ethics.
- Research designed, reviewed and conducted to ensure quality and contribution to the development of knowledge and understanding.
- Poorly designed or conducted reserach wastes resources and devalues the contribution of the participants
- Can lead to misleading information being propogated which can cause harm
38
Outline the principle 'social responsibility' as a principal of the BPS code of human research ethics.
psychology exists within the context of human society.
- collective duty for the welfare of human and non-human beings,
39
Outline the principle of competence as one of the BPS ethics guidelines.
- continuous development and maintenance of high standards of competence
- importance of working within the recognised limits of their knowledge, skill, training, education and experience.
40
Outline the principle of integrity as a BPS ethics guideline.
- honesty, probity, accuracy, clarity and fairness in their interactions
- seek to promote integrity in all facets of their scientific and professional endeavours
41
Outline the principle of respect as one of the BPS ethics guidelines.
- Psychologists value the dignity and worth of all persons,
- sensitivity to the dynamics of perceived authority or influence over persons
42
Outline the principle of responsibility as one of the BPS ethics guidelines.
- Psychologists value their responsibilities to persons and peoples, to the general public, and to the profession a
- Avoidance of harm and the prevention of misuse or abuse of their contribution to society.
43
What is the priority sequence model useful for?
- guiding decisions about research design
- You use the data in a sequential order so that the results from one method are available to contribute to the other method
- For mixed methods reserach
44
Outline the pros and cons of semi-structured interviews.
+ :
- Flexibility generates richer detail and allows deeper understanding of the interviewees experiences.
- Captures complexities and inconsistencies whilst keeping the ability of standardisation.
- Useful for exploring sensitive topics.
- :
- Non-natural conversation.
45
Outline the pros and cons of using closed questions.
Pros:
- Quick to complete
- Easy to analyse (objective)
- Standardised responses.
Cons:
- Can impose assumptions
- Over simplify complex issues.
46
Outline the use of focus groups as a qualitative research method.
- moderator has a topic guide
- participants interact with each other, as well as the moderator so can challenge/extend/develop statements.
- requires a very skilled moderator as the groups can be homogenous or heterogenous.
47
What are interviews designed to do, and what do they aim to do as a qualitative research method?
- designed to tap lived experience, particularly in the semi-structured format,
- aim to get a participant to talk about their experiences, beliefs and perspectives on a topic determined by a researcher.
48
Outline the use of semi-structured interviews as a qualitative research method.
- The interviewer uses the schedule flexibly, following up on interviewee responses and adapting the order of questions to fit the ideas introduced by the interviewee.
- questions are mostly open ended but can used closed questions too and it is
- important to build rapport at the start of the interview.
49
Outline the use of unstructured interviews as a qualitative research method.
- interviewer has a topic guide but allows the interviewee to lead the interview.
- interviewer acknowledges they do not know in advance all the issues or relevant questions, instead developing and adapting the questions and following up on answers appropriate to the situation.
50
Outline what should be included in a consent form.
(8 listed)
Informed Consent, psychologists inform participants about
(1) the purpose of the research, expected duration and procedures;
(2) their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun;
(3) the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing;
(4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort or adverse effects;
(5) any prospective research benefits;
(6) limits of confidentiality;
(7) incentives for participation; and
(8) whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants' rights
51
Outline withdrawal in relation to consent.
Participants have the right to withdraw their data retrospectively.
- Notify them of any time restrictions to this right.
52
What are 1st order and 2nd order coding?
1st order:
- describes an idea/feature of the data in the researcher's own words.
- often called descriptive or semantic
2nd order:
- captures the underlying meaning of an idea/feature of the data.
- often called abstract, latent or interpretative
53
What are 3 criteria for quality quantitative research?
That the research is:
- Reliable
- Has internal validity
- Has external validity
These all aim to limit bias
54
What are 4 steps to constructing an interview schedule?
- Identify topics and questions that are relevant to the research question
- Phrase questions in a way that encourage the interviewee to describe their experience in detail
- Use a logical order
- Consider how to build a rapport and help the interviewee to feel comfortable.
55
What are ethics/what do they involve?
systematising, defending and providing of standards by which behaviour can be judged to be right or wrong from
56
What are psychometric tests?
Standardised tests/questionnaires that are designed to measure particular trait or ability.
57
What are rating scales and why are they useful?
Questions that ask people to provide 'how much' judgements - particularly useful for measuring attitudes.
58
What are some common problems within the principle of commitment and rigour as set out by Yardley.
Themes are unrelated, overlap, vague and are not consistent with data examples
Alternatives are unconsidered (e.g., alternative interpretations of the data).
59
What are some considerations in the principle of integrity as a BPS ethics guideline?
Honesty, fairness and openness.
Accurate unbiased representation.
Maintaining personal and professional boundaries.
60
What are some considerations in the principle of responsibility as a BPS ethics guideline.
Professional accountability
Responsible use of their knowledge and skills.
Potentially competing duties.
61
What are some considerations of likert scales?
Response acquiescence
Potential introduction of double negatives
Should there be a neutral response option?
Verbal responses for all steps or only for anchors?
62
What are some ethical standards for the principle of 'maximising benefit and minimising harm' as stated by the BPS code of human research ethics?
Assessing and identifying risk
Put in place measures to minimise or manage risks.
63
What are some ethical standards for the principle of 'Respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons' as stated by the BPS code of human research ethics?
Inform participants of nature of the research
Avoid discriminatory practices
Ensure privacy
64
What are some ethical standards for the principle of 'scientific value' as stated by the BPS code of human research ethics?
The researcher must have accountability for research quality
65
What are some ethical standards for the principle of 'social responsibility' as stated by the BPS code of human research ethics?
There should be a purpose for the research
Awareness of outcomes (predicted and unexpected)
Acknowledgement of the limitations of the study
66
What are some key guidelines to follow to make an interview effective?
Start by building rapport
Have a logical order (moving from general to specific)
Use mostly open questions
Save questions on sensitive topics for later in the interview.
Use language that is accessible, clear and easy to understand.
67
What are some key things to avoid in writing questions for a survey? (9 listed)
Avoid double-barralled questions
Avoid ambiguity
Avoid negations (present positive statements instead 'we should' as aposed to 'we should not')
Avoid double negatives.
Avoid using emotive language
Avoid influencing Ps with leading questions.
Avoid jargon.
Avoid response bias (e.g., social desirability effects)
Avoid acquiescence (give response options for all outcomes)
68
What are some points for consideration in the principle of competence as a BPS ethics guideline?
Possession or otherwise of appropriate skills and care needed to serve persons and peoples.
The limits of their competence and the potential need to refer on to another professional.
The need to maintain technical and practical skills.
69
What are the 4 ethical principles underlying the BPS code of ethics and conduct?
Respect
Competence
Responsibility
Integrity
70
What are the 6 phases of thematic analysis (TA)?
1. Data familiarisation
2. Generating codes
3. Searching for themes
4. Reviewing themes
5. Defining and naming themes
6. Producing the report/paper.
71
What are the differences of methodology on data analysis between the quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Quant:
- uses statistical tests and is deductive (progresses from general ideas to specific conclusions).
Qual:
- facilitates discovery of unanticipated insights, inductive (drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general), captures complexity and variation.
72
What are the differences of methodology on data collection between the quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Quant:
- Uses numeric data, controlled/experimental conditions.
Qual:
- Uses non-numeric, rich, detailed data. Collected in context or natural settings.
73
What are the differences of methodology on interpretation between the quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Quant:
- Searches for objective 'facts' about the world and human behaviour, generalisable.
Qual:
- Subjective, transferrable, acknowledges the active role of participants and researchers in constructing knowledge.
74
What are the differences of methodology on research questions between the quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Quant:
- Takes hypotheses about causes and relationships between defined variables.
Qual:
- Is exploratory, focused on individual experiences, meaning and interpretation.
75
What are the four ethical principles for the BPS code of human research ethics?
Respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons
Scientific value
Social responsibility
Maximising benefit and minimising harm
76
What are the goals of qualitative research? (5 listed)
1. Concerned with meaning:
- understanding the meaning people have constructed and how they sense and perceive through this lens.
2. Aims to understand 'what it is like' to experience:
- understanding how certain aspects of life influence the experience they have, and how best to view and explain these situations.
3. Focussed on describing
- will aim to explain or interpre if possible
4. Studies people in within naturally occuring settings:
- understand how experience and meaning is shaped by context.
5. Asks questions about processes:
- what do people do to do 'x', how do people manage 'y'.
77
What are the key practical considerations in ethics? (7)
Risk
Valid consent
Confidentiality
Giving advice
Deception
Debriefing
Professionalism
78
What are the pros and cons of focus groups?
+ :
- Discourse can have higher ecological validity than individual interviews, more naturalistic.
- Different perspectives on topics.
- Collect a large amount of data in a short time.
- :
- Not always suitable for sensitive topics (especially if the group is heterogenous).
- Social desirability bias and group dynamis (power issues) can influence results
- Ethical issues.
79
What are the pros and cons of open questions?
Pros:
- Provide more detail
- Rich data
- Don't impose assumptions
Cons:
- Longer and more difficult to complete.
- Difficult to analyse responses (often subjective)
80
What are the pros and cons of unstructured interviews?
+ :
- Being respondent-led empowers interviewees to define and focus on what is important to them.
- Useful when little is known about a research topic and when a target group is hard to reach.
- Provides rich, detailed and complex data.
- :
- Requires good interviewer skills.
- Little standardisation and reliability - making it complex to analyse.
- Potential for bias.
81
What are the pros and cons to structured interviews?
+ :
- Standardised approach for consistency and low bias.
- Reliable and replicable
- Quick and doesn't require strong interview skills.
- :
- Not qualitative, more like a spoken questionnaire.
- Limited range of responses (reducing the possibility of explorable avenues).
- Difficult to capture complexity.
82
What are the pros of thematic analysis? (6 listed)
- Relatively easy and quick
- Summarises key features of a large body of data
- Highlights similarities and differences across a data set.
- Can generate unanticipated insights
- Allows for social and psychological interpretations of data.
- Results are accessible to educated a general public - useful for producing qualitative analyses suited to informing policy development.
83
What are the things that a participant information form must describe?
The nature of the study
Any potential risks or inconvieniences
The procedure for ensuring anonymity or confidentiality of data
The voluntary nature of the study and the right to withdraw at any time
84
What are the three research approaches?
Experimental, correlational, qualitative
85
What are the two criteria for assessing quality of a survey?
Temporal consistency/reliability
Internal consistency/reliability
86
What are the two different analytical logics that mixed methods research applies?
An exploratory/hypotheses generating one
A confirmatiory/hypotheses confirmation one.
87
What are the two subcategories of surveys (give some examples of each)?
Self administered (questionnaire):
- Postal
- Online
- In person.
Interview administered:
- Telephone
- Face to face
88
What are three types of research questions?
Descriptive
Interpretative
Deductive
89
What are two ways that construct validity can be assessed in?
Convergent validity
Discriminant validity
90
What data collection tool is used across all research approaches?
Survey research
91
What does qualitative data collection aim to do?
Preserve the richness of individuals experiences and access the meaning.
Understand experiences in context and be sensitive to variation in experience.
92
What gives validity to a construct?
If the construct is supported by cumulative research evidence collected over time.
93
What is (de)briefing in relation to ethics?
The responsibility in research where deception has been employed to ensure Ps are provided with sufficient information to fully understand the nature of the research at the earliest opportunity.
94
What is a dichotomous rating scale?
When there are two response options - it is the simplest type of quantification
95
What is a graphic rating scale?
Ps are asked to mark along a continuous line which is anchored at each end.
Recorded score by measuring where the line was marked.
96
What is a likert scale?
It consists of a multi-point response and aims to ensure equal spacing of response.
97
What is a multichotomous rating scale?
When there are 3 or more response options
98
What is a non-verbal rating scale?
It is the use of non-verbal cues as a response option:
Very useful with children and cognitively impaired individuals.
99
What is a positive and negative of unobtrusive methods of research?
Naturalistic (have ecological validity).
Limited ability to probe or question in order to gain deeper understanding.
100
What is a positivist view on epistemology?
Genuine knowledge is objected, observable, law-like, value free and can be uncovered through scientific methods.
101
What is a potential draw back of both too many response options and not enough response options?
Too many:
- results in a low reliability
Too few:
- low sensitivity
102
What is a ranking scale?
It measures the relative importance of several items:
- Different options with response boxes to number the relative importance of them.
103
What is a response rate in a survey?
The percentage of questionnaires completed and returned from those distributed.
104
What is a semantic differential scale?
Respondents indicate thoughts and feelings by marking a response on scales and between bipolar opposite adjectives:
105
What is an interpretivist/constructionist view on epistemology?
All knowledge is socially constructed, an interpretation, not value free.
106
What is consequentialism?
The view that rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon its consequences
107
What is data familiarisation in thematic analysis and what phase is it in the process?
1.
It is the process of reading and re-reading data whilst keeping the research question in mind in aims to find what the obvious meaning of the data is.
Aim for data immersion and not analysis.
108
What is defining and naming themes and what phase is it in the process?
5.
It is the defining and naming of themes, which need to be concise and informative.
The right selection will help the researcher to see the overall structure of the anaylsis.
They should be distinct but part of the same story.
109
What is deontology?
The view that certain acts are right or wrong in themselves, not necessarily in terms of their consequences.
110
What is epistemology?
It is the theory of knowledge, it is concerned with the mind's relation to reality.
- How is knowledge created?
111
What is generating codes in thematic analysis and what phase is it in the procedure?
2.
It is idenfiying the features of data that appears to be interesting to analyse.
It turns ideas about the data into consice labels that can be understood independently of the data.
It is the most basic segment or element of the raw data.
112
What is key component of Yardley's principles that should be remembered?
They are intended to be applied flexibly.
It is not always appropriate to use every aspect, they are more of a guide than a set of instructions.
113
What is meant by categorical imperative?
Acting so that you treat humanity, whether it be yourself or someone else, always as an end and never as a means only.
114
What is meant by coherence in the principle of transparency and coherence?
The findings should present a **coherent narrative that is consistent with the quotations presented in themes**.
There should be a **good fit between research question, philosophical perspective adopted, method of investigation & analysis**
115
What is meant by construct validity?
Is the construct we are trying to measure valid? - does it exist?
116
What is meant by convergent validity?
Correlates with tests of related constructs.
117
What is meant by demographics in relation to surveys?
It is the characteristics of the sample taking part in the survey
118
What is meant by discriminant validity?
Doesn't correlate with tests of a different construct
119
What is meant by internal reliability?
The extent to which our tool is measuring the construct we are interested in.
120
What is meant by mixed methods research?
A systematic approach to data collection and analysis that integrates different sources of data with quantitative and qualitative analytical procedures with the intention to engage multiple perspectives in order to more fully understand complex social phenomenon.
121
What is meant by normative ethics?
The practical task of arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct.
122
What is meant by practical impact?
How should services and policies be updated in light of the findings?
123
What is meant by professionalism in relation to ethics?
Researchers have the responsibility to report with honesty and accuracy the results of their studies.
Researchers must also ensure that they give credit to the original sources of ideas and other intellectual contributions when it has been used in their work.
124
What is meant by risk?
It's defined as potential physical or psychological harm, discomfort or stress.
125
What is meant by theoretical impact?
How should current theories be updated in light of the findings?
126
What is meant by transparency in the principle of transparency and coherence?
The methods must detail every aspect of the data collection process, the rules used to code and how stages of the analysis progressed.
It is also the discussion of the experiences or motivations which led the researcher to undertake a particular investigation.
127
What is meant by valid consent?
It is informed consent that involves at least two stages:
- instructing potential particpants about the nature of the study
- obtaining their written agreement to take part
128
What is meant in the principle of impact and importance (Yardley, 2000)?
What are three types of impact?
The discussion (and abstract) should explain why the findings are important and their potential impact.
- Theoretical impact
- Practical impact
- Socio-cultural impact
129
What is ontology?
the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being:
- concerned with the nature of reality, what can we know? what exists?
130
What is orthographic transcription?
Where speech is transcribed verbatim using standard spelling conventions.
131
What is peer verification?
When analysts work together to check that interpretations are plausible, consistent with the data and are communicated clearly.
132
What is psychological egoism?
Self-orientated interests ultimately motivate all human actions.
133
What is psychometrics?
The science of measuring psychological constructs.
Includes the measurement of:
- personality
- cognitive ability
- knowledge
- educational attainment
134
What is qualitative data analysis?
It is the process of organising, analysing and interpreting qualitative data - non-numeric, conceptual information and user feedback - to capture themes and patterns and answer research questions.
135
What is realism?
There is a single reality that exists independently of the researcher that can be uncovered.
136
What is relativism?
Reality is constructed through interpretation so the social world is comprised of multiple realities and perspectives, each one as relevant as any other.
137
What is respondent verification?
When the study participants review analysis findings to comment on the fit between analysts interpretation and their experiences.
138
What is reviewing themes in thematic analysis and what phase is it in the process?
4.
It is checking that the themes 'fit' the data and address the research question.
Qualitative analysis is an iterative process so earlier processes might be returned to in order to make progress.
139
What is searching for themes in thematic analysis and what phase is it in the process?
3.
It is an active and constructive phase that shapes the codes into groups and catagories to help make a 'coherent story' that makes sense of the data.
It has a central organising concept that brings codes together.
140
What is social-cultural impact?
What do the findings indicate about how we think about social problems?
141
What is subtle realism?
**Acknowledges the existence of an independent reality**, a world that has an existence independent of our perception of it, **but denies that there can be direct access to that reality**.
142
What is temporal reliability?
The extent to which our tool would provide the same results under the same conditions (different occasions).
143
What is the aim of content analysis?
Uses qualitative data to examine patterns in communication in a replicable and systematic manner.
This systematic labelling of data allows statistical analyses of non-numeric data.
144
What is the aim of discourse or conversation analysis?
Identify rules of conversational organisation using recorded studies set in naturally occuring talk-in-interaction.
Aims to discover how participants understand and respond to one another.
145
What is the aim of grounded theory?
To **generate theories of social phenomena**. through systematic data analysis It has **inductive and deductive stages**
146
What is the aim of interpretive phenomenological analysis?
To offer insights into how a given person, in a given context, makes sense of a given phenomenon.
Usually these phenomena relate to experiences of some personal significance, such as major life events.
147
What is the aim of thematic analysis?
It is a method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns within data whilst minimally organising and describing the data in rich detail.
148
What is the mental capacity assessment?
An act that says that a person is unable to make a decision if they are unable to:
- understand the information relevant to the decision
- retain the information
- use or weight the information
- communicate his or her decision (by any means)
149
What is the problem with relying on solely hypothesis testing and quantification?
It can lead to the overlooking of vital information needed to understand a problem.
150
What is the producing the report phase of thematic analysis and what phase is it in the process?
6. and it is the writing of the introduction, method, findings and discussion (obviously)
151
What is the purpose of complementarity as a mixed method of research?
The use of different method to investigate different aspects/dimensions of the same phenomena to deepen/broaden interpretations and conclusions.
152
What is the purpose of debriefing?
Providing information to Ps about their role in the study both before and after they participate.
It attempts to reduce any distress that may have been or are likely to be caused by the study.
153
What is the purpose of development as a mixed method of research?
To use the results from one method to inform the development of another method.
154
What is the purpose of expansion as a mixed method of research?
The use of different methods to assess different phenomena to expand the scope/range of a study.
155
What is the purpose of initiation as a mixed method of research?
**different methods used to assess different aspects of the same phenomenon**
156
What is the purpose of triangulation as a mixed method of research?
Using different methods to examine the same phenomenon to increase confidence in the conclusions reached.
157
What is the use of a pilot study?
To test the study on a small goup of people before administering it more widely.
This way problems can be identified and revised and the respondents can give feedback.
158
What is transcription?
Is a type of data analysis in which speech is transcribed to analyse the content of a conversation/interview etc.
159
What is utilitarianism?
A view that emphasises the role of pleasure or happiness as a consequence of our actions.
160
What is validation in the principle of commitment and rigour and what are two examples of it?
It's checking that the interpretation of the data with others to increase the credibility findings.
- Peer verification
- Respondent verification
161
What set of flexible principles did Yardley (2000) set for evaluating the quality of a qualitative study?
Sensitivity to context
Commitment and rigour
Transparency and Coherence
Impact and importance
162
When is it appropriate to design a new questionnaire?
When there are no established tools to measure the phenomena of interest.
When the reliability of validity of an established measure is in doubt.
163
When is it your duty to inform a participant of an unexpected problem?
If failing to do so endangers the participants future wellbeing.
164
Who can give consent?
Individuals over the age of 16 with no conditions that might influence their ability to make decisions themselves.
165
Why are research paradigm aims in place?
In aims to limit bias - any deviation from the objective truth.
