Research Methods Flashcards by Qavi Bilal

Name the 8 statistical tests

Sign test
Wilcoxon
Related t test
Chi squared
Mann whitney
Unrelated t test
Spearmans rho
Pearsons r

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Name 3 types of experimental design

Repeated measures
Matched pairs
Idependant groups

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What is a directional hypothesis

States the direction of the results
Used when previous research suggests the direction

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What is a Non-directional hypothesis

Direction of the results is not predicted when there is no previous research

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What is the independant variable

The researcher manipulates this to see the effect on the dv

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What is the dependant variable

Affected by the manipulation of the iv

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What is random sampling give a strength and weakness

Every member in the target population has an actual chance of being selected.
Strength: is unbiased as all memebers can be picked.
Weakness: it does not guarantee a representative sample.

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What is opportunity sampling give strength and weaknesses

The researcher goes to the first personhe sees and asks them to join.
Strength: takes less time
Weakness: bias, data may be unrepresentative

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What is voluteer sampling give strength and weaknesses

The researcher puts up a poster or advert explaining the experiment and how to apply.
Strength: relatively easy as participants some to the researcher
Weakness: data may be unrepresentative

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What is sytematic sampling give strength and weaknesses

List target popilation in a list eg alphabeitcsl order and picl the evry nth person eg every 5th person
Strength: unbiased
Weakness: may be unrepresentative

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What is stratified sampling give strength and weaknesses

Smaller reproduction of the population eg gender, age, social class
Strength: representative therefore can be generalised.
Weakness: complete representation is not possible

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Give a strength and weakness of repeated measures

Strength: No participant variables since all participants do all conditions.
Weakness: order effects participants are mrle likely to find out the aim.

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Give a strength and weakness of independant groups.

Strength: no order effects
Weakness: There are participant variables as there may be differences in the groups.

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Give a strength and weakness of matched pairs

Strength: no order effects
Weakness: difficult to match pairs exactly so participant variables are not completely eliminated.

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Name 4 experiment types and what they do

Lab: takes place in a carefully controlled environment.
Field: takes place in the real world rather.
Natural: the iv is naturally occuring amd is not manipulated by the researcher.
Quasi: is one in which thr dv already exists.

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Give a strength and weakness of lab

Strength: it is easier to control all the variables.
Weakness: lack ecological validity, meaning findings cant be generalised in the real world.

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Give a strength and weakness of field

Strength: it has ecological validity
Weakness: lack of control variables

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Give a strength and weakness of natural

Strength: Allows the experimenter to study areas where it is not possible to manipulate the iv.
Wekaness: lack of control variables meaning more likely other things affect the dv

Give a strength and weakness of quasi

Strength: experimenter can study areas where it is not possible to manipulate the iv.
Weakness: cant randomly allocate participants to conditions so confounding variables may affect the results.

What are the two ways of assessing reliability.

Test re test: involves giving the same participants the same test again after a time delay if the results are similar the test would be deemed reliable and vice versa.
Inter obsever reliability: measured by getting 2 observers toto observe tue same phenomena and see if the rating they gave was similar.

What are the 4 types of validity

Ecological validity
Temporal validity
Face validity
Concurrent validity

What is ecological validity

The extent to which findings can be generalised to other situations and settings

What is temporal validity

Refers to whether findings can be generalised to other historical times and eras.

What is face validity

Scrutinising (in detail) a measure to determine whether it appears to measure what it intends to measure.
‘on the face of it’

What is concurrent validity

Involves correlating the scores from the new procedure with scores from an alternative procedure for which validity has already been established

What are the 4 types of data

Qualitative Quantitative Primary Secondary

What is qualitative data give a strenth and weakness

Data in words Strength: has greater external validityand providee meaningful insight. Weakness: it is difficult to analyse

What is quantitative data give a strength and weakness.

Data in numbers Strength: it is easy to analyse Weakness: narrower in meaning and may failto represent real life. Lacking internal validity.

What is primary data

Is gathered first hand from the participants and is specific to the aim of the study.

What is secondary data

Has been previously collected by a third party

What is replicability

Procadured and findings should be repeatable(you can do it again)

What is theory construction

Enables predictions to be madewhich cqn be translated into hypotheses and tested empirically.

What is objectivity

Means that science should be based on observable phenomena and not personal opinion, predujices or emotion. Should not be affected by the scientists expectations.

What is empirical methods

Are those which gain information through experiment or direct observation rather than by unfounded beliefs.

What is hypothesis testing

Sciencetists control extraneous variables in order to the effect of manipulating the iv on the dv

What is falsifiablity

The ability to shiw thay the theory is wrong

What is the abstract

Provides the reader a summary of the study including its findings

What is the introduction

Contextualises the research, provides background information.

What is the method

States what is done in the investigation allowing replicationand will include standardised instructions.

What are Results

Summary of findings

What is discussion

Findings are discussed in relation to previous research.

What are references

Informs the reader of sourves of previous research.

What should you include in a consent form.

No pressure to consent They can withdraw at any time They can withdraw there data from the study Their data will be kept confidential and anonymous They should feel free to ask any questions to the researcher They will be given a full debrief at the end of the programme

Ethical issues

Consent Right to withdraw