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Psychology Research Methods > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Case Study

A

In-depth Investigation of a single person or group, where data is gathered through several different methods (Interviews, Observations)

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2
Q

Behavioural Categories

A

Key Behaviours or collections of Behaviour, Researcher will observe the behaviour and record it.

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3
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Comparing a new test with another test of the same thing to see if the results are similar

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4
Q

Confounding Variable

A

An Extraneous Variable that varies systematically with the IV

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5
Q

Content Analysis

A

Used to analyse Qualitative data. It involves coding the written data into categories (Qualitative data into Quantitative data)

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6
Q

Controlled observation

A

Observation study where the researchers control some variables (Lab Study)

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7
Q

Covert Observation

A

Undisclosed observation as the participants don’t know their behaviour is being observed

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8
Q

Debriefing

A

After completing the research, the true aim is revealed to the participant

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9
Q

Deception

A

Involves Misleading participants about the purpose of the study

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10
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Participants try make sense of the research situation they are in and try guess the purpose of the research (Try present themselves in a good way)

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11
Q

Ecological Validity

A

Extent to which the findings of the research study are able to be generalized to real-life settings

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12
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

Provided by the BPS, Rules psychologists should follow when conducting a research study

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13
Q

Ethical issues

A

Deception
Lack of informed Consent
Lack of Protection of Participants

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14
Q

Event Sampling

A

A target Behaviour is identified and the observer records it every time it occurs

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15
Q

Experimental Groups

A

Group that receives Experimental Treatment

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16
Q

External Validity

A

Extent to which the findings of the study can be generalised beyond the experimental setting

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17
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Variables that can affect the DV and contaminate the IV

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18
Q

Face Validity

A

Assesses whether a test measures what it claims to measure which is concerned with face value

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19
Q

Field Experiment

A

Takes place in a Natural Setting whether the experimenter manipulates the IV and measures the DV

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20
Q

Independent Measure Design

A

Each Participant takes part in one condition of the IV

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21
Q

Informed Consent

A

Psychologists should ensure that all participants are helped to understand fully all aspects of the research before they agree to take part

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22
Q

Inter-Observer Reliability

A

Extent to which two or more observers are observing and recording behaviour in the same way

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23
Q

Internal Validity

A

Whether the results were due to manipulation of the IV rather than other factors such as EV or DC

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24
Q

Investigator Effects

A

Results from the effect of a researchers behaviour and characteristics on an investigation

Unconsciously influences the outcome of the reserach

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25
Q

Lab Experiment

A

Takes place in a controlled environment where the experimenter manipulates the IV and measures the DV

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26
Q

Matched Pair Designs

A

Where pairs of Participants are matched on important characteristics and one member allocated to each condition of the IV

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27
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Researcher examines the results of several studies that have already been conducted

28
Q

Natural Experiment

A

Where the change in the IV already exists rather than being manipulated by the experimenter

29
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Conducted in the environment where the behaviour would normally occur

30
Q

Observer Bias

A

Occurs when the observers know the aims of the study or the hypotheses and allow this knowledge to influence their observations

31
Q

Opportunity sample

A

Participants are chosen because they are easily available

32
Q

Order Effects

A

Occur in a repeated measure design

33
Q

Overt Observation

A

Known as a disclosed observation as the participants have given their permission for their behaviour to be observed

34
Q

Participant Observation

A

Researcher joins the group or takes part in the situation they are observing

35
Q

Peer Review

A

Research report sent to other psychologists who are knowledgeable in the research topic for them to review and check for any problems

36
Q

Pilot Study

A

conducted to ensure the method will work according to the plan. If it doesn’t amendments to the study can be made

37
Q

Presumptive consent

A

Asking a group of people from the same target population as the same whether they would agree to take part in the study

38
Q

Prior General Consent

A

Before participants are recruited, they are asked whether they are prepared to take part, where they might be deceived about the true purpose of the study

39
Q

Protection of Participants

A

Participants should be protected physically and mentally

40
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Descriptive information (Words)

41
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Information that can be measured and written down in numbers

42
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

often Conducted in controlled conditions where the IV simply exists so there can be no random allocations to the conditions

43
Q

Random Sampling

A

Everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being selected

44
Q

Randomisation

A

Uses Chance Methods

45
Q

Reliability

A

Whether something is consistent, whether its replicable

46
Q

Repeated Measure Design

A

Each participant takes part in all conditions of the IV

47
Q

Representative Sample

A

Sample that closely matches the target population as a whole in terms of variables and characteristics

48
Q

Retrospective Consent

A

Participants have the ability to withdraw their data if they are not happy

49
Q

Right To Withdraw

A

Participants should be aware that they can leave the study at any time

50
Q

Semi-Structured Interviews

A

Contains Pre-determined questions, that can be supplemented with additional questions.
Interviewer can deviate from the original question, therefore producing rich qualitative data

51
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

Participants behaviour distorted, they modify their answers to be seen in a positive light

52
Q

Standardised instructions

A

Instructions given to each participant are kept identical, prevents experimenter bias

53
Q

Standardised Procedures

A

All participants are treated in exactly the same way

54
Q

Stratified Sample

A

Group of Participants are selected in proportion to their frequency in the target population

55
Q

Structured interview

A

Questions are fixed and the interviewer reads them out and records the responses

56
Q

Structured Observation

A

Uses predetermined coding scheme to record the participants Behaviour

57
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

Every N(th) Member in the target population is selected

58
Q

Temporal Validity

A

How likely it is that the time period when a study was conducted has influenced the findings and whether they can be generalised to other periods in time

59
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

Involves presenting the same participants with the same test or questionnaire on two separate occasions and seeing whether there is a positive correlation between the two

60
Q

Thematic Analysis

A

Analyses Qualitative data which involves identifying, analysing and reporting patterns within the data

61
Q

Time Sampling

A

Sampling the behaviour that is being observed by recording what happens in a series of fixed time intervals

62
Q

Unstructured Interview

A

There are no fixed questions just general aims and it is more like a conversation

63
Q

Unstructured Observation

A

There is no checklist so every behaviour seen is written down in as much detail as possible

64
Q

Validity

A

Whether something is true

65
Q

Volunteer Sample

A

Participants put themselves forward to take part in research (Advertisements)

Psychology Research Methods (8 decks)

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