Research Methods Flashcards

Question

Repeated Measures

Answer 1

100% PPs do Group A & then 100% do Group B

Answer 2

Half PPs are in Group A & other half are in Group B, but the PPs are matched accordingly to the characteristic/variable that could affect DV

Answer 3

Trial run of a piece of research to check how it will work & allows researcher to reduce flaws

Answer 4

Conducted in highly controlled conditions (artificial)

Answer 5

The IV is manipulated in a more natural setting

Answer 6

Any other variables that would interfere with the IV or DV & should be controlled or removed - 2 TYPES: Participants/Situational

Answer 7

The differing individual characteristics that may impact the DV

Answer 8

Any features of the experimental situation that may affect the DV

Answer 9

Extraneous variable type yet affects DV & IV, do change systematically with the IV

Answer 10

Participants may alter their actions & responses to parts of the experiment in order ot fit the "desired" characteristics - Can alter the results & they won't be an accurate representation of the sample

Answer 11

Any unwanted influence of the investigator on the research outcome. - It also may refer to any actions of the researcher that were related to the study's design

Answer 12

A way of dealing with EVs - Use of chance wherever possible to reduce the researcher's influence on the design of the investigation

Answer 13

A way of dealing with EVs - All PPs should be subject to the same environment, information, and experience. To ensure this, all procedures are standardised

Answer 14

Study of a naturally occuring situation as it unfolds in the real world

Answer 15

The naturally occurring IV is a difference between people that already exists, so examines its effect on the DV

Answer 16

Any method in which a person is asked to state or explain their own feelings, opinions, behaviours, and/or experiences

Answer 17

A set of written questions used to assess a person's thoughts and/or experiences

Answer 18

A 'live' encounter where one person asks a set of questions to assess the interviewee's thoughts and/or experiences

Answer 19

- Fixed number of responses - Collect quantitative data as they limit the possible answers - Easy to analyse but lacks detail & depth

Answer 20

- Doesn't have a fixed range of answers - Respondents are free to answer however they see fit - Open questions tend to produce qualitative data

Answer 21

- Most likely to encounter in day-to-day - List of pre-determined questions but interviewers can ask follow up questions or interviewee can expand - Interviewer requires training

Answer 22

Add all numbers & divide by quantity of numbers

Answer 23

Align in ascending order & pick out middle

Answer 24

Most common number

Answer 25

Difference between lowest & highest number

Answer 26

How spread out the scores are from the average

Answer 27

Figure out of a hundred

Answer 28

Relationship/trend between variables (co-variables)

Answer 29

How spread out the data is - Range/SD

Answer 30

How close together the data is

Answer 31

First hand collection of data (collected only for purpose of research)

Answer 32

Data collected for another purpose/research

Answer 33

Clear, countable values between - Discrete as units can't be split up (decimals)

Answer 34

Frequency/naming data, grouping people into different categories

Answer 35

Ongoing sequence - Measurable - Has meaning at all points (can be decimals)

Answer 36

Order in measurement (ranking) that indicates some direction but doesnt show difference between interval data as the intervals aren't uniform

Answer 37

Shows the order & exact difference/intervals between each variable & uses units of equal intervals

Answer 38

Shows change over time - interval/continuous

Answer 39

Shows a correlation - Measures strength & direction of CVs

Answer 40

- Covert - Overt - Controlled - Naturalistic - Participant - Non-Participant

Answer 41

The researcher is undercover & participants are unaware that they're being watched. - No informed consent but a debriefing takes place afterwards HAWTHORNE EFFECT

Answer 42

Participant is aware they're being watched, meaning informed consent is gained

Answer 43

Likely carried out in a lab & is typically structured. Reseracher is fully in control & PPs are randomly allocated to each IV group

Answer 44

Observing behaviour in the environment that it naturally occurs. Typically involves observing spontaneous behaviours with the researcher recording what they see

Answer 45

Where the observer is a part of the observation group (can be covert or overt). If overt: researcher reveals the true identity & asks permission If covert: researcher uses a fake identity

Answer 46

Researcher choses not to play a part in the observation & this may be chosen if there isn't an opportunity to engage in a PP observation. This may not be in person & can be done via recordings

Answer 47

If unaware, they're less likely to change their behaviour

Answer 48

Test-Retest Inter-Observer/Rater Split-Half

Answer 49

An in-depth analysis of an individual/group/event. - Typically collects qualitative data through observations or questionnaires - Longitudinal

Answer 50

- More info & understanding of individual, so can be more confident data is correct & accurate - Can contribute to understanding of both typical and untypical functioning - Can generate hypotheses for future studies - Efficient as it only takes 1 case study to disprove a theory - Allows reserachers to study events that they couldn’t practically or ethically manipulate

Answer 51

- Issues with generalisation of findings - Subjectivity in terms of selection of material & interpretation by researcher - Issues withh validity of personal accounts from pp & their peers - possibly due to memory decay - Cannot establish cause & effect as they begin after the event

Answer 52

THIGPEN & CLECKLEY (1954): - Case of Dissociative Identity Disorder where Eve White mentioned several hallucinatory experiences to a therapist where she heard voices. - As these experiences were being recalled, Eve’s behaviour changed and became flirtatious & boisterous, referring to herself as Eve Black compared to serious and conscientious Eve White. - Eve was studied for 100 hours over the next 14 months, finding this extra personality ws present since childhood. - Used psychological testing & scientific backing (EEGs) to determine personalities

Answer 53

Arises when a conflict exists between the rights of a PP and the goals of research to produce authentic, valid and worthwhile data

Answer 54

Quasi-legal document produced by the British Psychological Society that instructs psychologists in the UK about what behaviour is and isnt acceptable when dealing with ppts. Build around 4 major principles

Answer 55

- Respect - Competence - Responsibility - Integrity

Answer 56

- Informed Consent - Deception - Protection from Harm - Privacy & Confidentiality

Answer 57

Make ppts fully aware of what the research involves (aims, rights, what their data will be used for) before they agree to be involved

Answer 58

Cannot purposefully midlead or withhold information from the ppts

Answer 59

Ppts should not be placed at any more risk of harm (psychological or physical) as they would be in everyday life

Answer 60

Protecting ppts’s information in the research, keeping anonimity DATA PROTECTION ACT - right to have any personal data protected

Answer 61

Can gain consent through 3 different ways: Prior-general consent, retrospective consent, presumptive consent - sign an agreement/consent form stating they’re aware of all information about the study

Answer 62

Ppts give consent to take part in many different studies, but unaware of which one they are taking place in

Answer 63

Asking for consent after the study, or during the debrief

Answer 64

Ask a group of like-minded people & generalise the consent to ppts

Answer 65

Full briefing beforehand for full awareness of aims/methods/other ppts’s actions - Give PPts the right to withdraw

Answer 66

PPts should be allowed to withdraw from reserach at any stage. - if they’re being paid, they should still be paid if they leave

Answer 67

- Include a 3rd party observer - remind all ppts of their rights & everything about method - offered therapy & counselling - ensure ppts that their behaviour was typical and normal

Answer 68

Use initials/letters/numbers rather that names, distorting audio recordings & bluring any faces. - Data should be kept in password-protected files - All PPts should be kept anonymous

Answer 69

Interpreting secondary material to understand individuals, where they’re studied indirectly. - Aims to summarise and describe this communication in a systematic way so conclusions can be drawn

Answer 70

1. Identify what they’re looking for 2. Create categories 3. Read through source material and tally each time the category occurs 4. Quantitative data so it allows for comparisons (like bar charts, graphs, tables)

Answer 71

- Enables the analysis of a wide range of material - Many communications are already in the public domain so allow for high ext validity and decreased ethical problems

Answer 72

- Any findings are limited by the researchers expectations because categories are decided prior to the analysis - Although researchers are trained, their interpretations of material may still be subjective - Behaviour may be taken out of context and the researcher may attribute opinions or motivations to the source material

Answer 73

1. Scientist conducts a study 2. Scientist write about results 3. Journal editor recieves article & sends it out for peer review (may need revision & review to then be sent back) 4. Peer reviewers read the article & provide feedback 5. If article meets the standards, it is then published

Answer 74

Follows a strict proess, the ‘golden standard’ framework of how reserach should be carried out. This is because the process provides an empirical standardised method for creating reserach, which increases the reliability & validity of findings. Empirical/Objectivity/Hypothesis Testing/Replicability/Open to Fasification

Answer 75

Study observable behaviour or cary out experiments - Doesn’t rely on belief, carried out with careful and detailed methods so it can be replicated

Answer 76

All sources of bias are minimised and personal or subjective ideas are eliminated. - Implies the facts speak for themselves even if different from hypotheses. - All EVs need to be controlled to establish cause & effect

Answer 77

Whether a particular method & finding can be repeated with other people or occasions to see if they’re similar. - If a dramatic discovery is reported, but cannot be replicated by other scientists, it won’t be accpeted. - If we get the same results over & over again under some conditions, gives confidence that results are reliable & accurate

Answer 78

Using scientific methods, means you’re able to prove the theory is incorrect

Answer 79

1. Make an observation 2. Ask a question 3. Form a Hypothesis that answers the question, either experimental, alternative, or null 4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis 5. Do an experiment to test the prediction (aims, method, and results) 6. Analyse the results: Whether hypothesis is correct or not (If incorrect, go back to step 3) 7. Report the results 8. Peer review

Answer 80

- Increases validity, more likely to say research is accurate. Provides feedback and validity upon expert knowledge. The process is understood & accepted by majority of reserachers

Answer 81

- Anonymity is not infallible; reviewers find it hard to remain purely objective due to their education & experiences. Reviewers are highly critical of research that contradicts their own views (myside bias) & vice versa. Anonymity may be used to criticise rival researchers. Lack of research funding means researchers may struggle & favour others. - Publication bias - editors want to publish significant ‘headline-grabbing’ findings & may prefer positive results. ‘file drawer effect’: where only statistically significant findings are published - Burying ground-breaking research as they want to keep things as normal & may want to suppress opposition to mainstream theories

Answer 82

Concerned with EXTERNAL reliability - Ppts take the same test at different occasions, a high correlation between test scores indicating that the test has good external reliability. - If the correlation coefficient is above (+0.80) it has good reliability. - Spearman’s Rho

Answer 83

Concerned with INTERNAL reliability - Compare the performance of 2 halves of a test/questionnaire, with a close correlation between scores on both halves of the test

Answer 84

Inter-observer: Used to assess the degree to which different independent observers give consistent extimates of some phenomenon Inter-rater: Same as inter-observer, but for a method other an observation (e.g. content analysis) Intra-rater: Same reseracher is assessed for consistency of test/observation results (e.g. would they mark the same answer the same)

Answer 85

Internal: Assesses the consistency of results across items within a test External: Extent to which a measure varies from one use to another

Answer 86

- Ask some standardised questions - Closed questions - Rewrite questions so they cant be interpreted differently

Answer 87

- Same interviewer - Same training - Structured questions

Answer 88

- Standardised & controlled lab experiment - Control EVs

Answer 89

- Multiple independent observers - Operationalise categories - Distinct categories

Answer 90

- Operationalise categories - Distinct categories

Answer 91

Internal: Effects observed in a study are due to the changing of the IV & not other factors. External: How much the results can be generalised to other settings (ecological, temporal, population)

Answer 92

Internal: Researcher bias, EVs, Types of ecperiment, Confounding Variables, Demand Characteristics External: Artifical Setting, Non-representative setting/sample, era-bound, culture-bound, low mundane realism

Answer 93

Internal: Controlling EVs using standardisation, counterbalancing and eliminating DCs & investigator effects External: Setting research in a more natural setting, and use random sampling to select ppts

Answer 94

Examining the content of the test to see if it looks like it measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 95

Involves comparing a new method or test with an already well-established test that claims to measure the same variable. - A significant positive correlation should be gained between the results of the two tests

Answer 96

How relevant the time period is in affecting the findings.

Answer 97

Whether a test or method measures behaviour that is representative of naturally occurring behaviour

Answer 98

Extent to which findings from a sample can be generalised to similar and wider populations

Answer 99

Whether the test will predict future behaviour/performance indicated by its results

Answer 100

Degree that a psychological test measures the abstract concept or psychological construct that it seems to measure

Answer 101

- Lie Scale - Face Validity - Concurrent Validity (compare performance on established & new test) - Construct Validity (degree to which the theories have been represented)

Answer 102

- use a control group - standardised procedure - single & double blind procedures

Answer 103

- make qs easy to understand - lie scale to assess for social desirability bias - anonymity

Answer 104

- covert & natural (more realistic results) - operationalised behavioural categories

Answer 105

- use different methods to compensate for limitations demonstrate interpretive validity (coherence/direct quotes)

Answer 106

Pursuit and application of knowledge & understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence

Answer 107

- Must be definable & agreed upon subject matter or method (or paradigm) - There must be a theory construction from which hypotheses are derived and tested - Empirical methods of investigation are used to gather info - Science should attempt to discover gender laws & principles - Science must be open to being tested & thus falsified

Answer 108

Collective set of assumptions about a subject & metyhod of enquiry - Form the generally perspective of a particular subject at a point in time

Answer 109

Believed that a subject can only be a science if the majority of its workers agree with and work within a common 'global' theory or paradigm. He described 3 stages of scientific development

Answer 110

1. pre-science (no paradigm) 2. normal science (a paradigm is establiish & all researchers dedicate themselves to exploring it) 3. revolution (a point is reached where so much evidence confluicts the paradigm that it is rejeced and is replaced by one which can accommodate the conflicting findings

Answer 111

An important change in the basic concepts & experimental practices of a scientific discipline - can sometimes be referred to as a 'scientific revolution'

Answer 112

- research uses scientific methods - research is carried out through experimentation & uses many controls meaning cause and effect can be established - ppsychology has theories that can generate hypotheses

Answer 113

- psychologists study humans which can't be studies in the same way as chemistry & physics where people are aware theyre being studies - even with hypotheses, lots of material is called psychology is not a science

Answer 114

- plotted in the form of a symmetrical bell shaped curve - median/mode/mean are all in the middle & are very close together - tails don't reach zero

Answer 115

Some data sets produce skewed distributions (asummetrical patterns which appear to 'lean' to one side) Positive/Right or Negative/Left

Answer 116

Most scores are low & on the left of the graph - Leads to a long tail on the right - mode is at the highest point, then median, then mean (left to right)

Answer 117

Most scores are high & on the right of the graph - Leads to a long tail on the left - mode is at the highest point, then median, then mean (right to left)

Answer 118

Allow us to draw conclusions about whether the results are significant or not

Answer 119

Research findings are sufficiently strong enough that a researcher can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative - usually use p≤0.05

Answer 120

1. Correlation or Difference (If correlation skip to 3) 2. Experimental design - related/unrelated 3. Level of measurement - nominal/ordinal/interval 4. Parametric? (has to be interval)

Answer 121

It's a chance for psychologists to show their case findinfs of important/ground-breaking research

Answer 122

Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion Referencing

Answer 123

Short summary of overall nature of your investigation (200-300 words) - written after the research but placed at the start - contains :aims, hypotheses, design, variables, pps & sampling, results

Answer 124

(600-700 words) - Literature review (general to specific) - Puts aims & hypotheses into context - Key items are operationalised - Finishing with specific aims/hypotheses

Answer 125

- Design - Sample - Apparatus/equiptment - Procedure - Ethics

Answer 126

Use of differential/inferential stats - indicate what's happening rather than why - level of significance - calculated & critical levels - significance or not - justify use of stats test

Answer 127

- explanation of results - results are analysed in relation to studies in literary review - highlighting any weaknesses of the study & mentioning modifications to the study if it were to be conducted again - overall conclusion

Answer 128

- give recognition & credit for their work - so others have access to your references so readers can read the referencesd articles themselves - avoid plaigarism

Answer 129

Author Surname & Initial, (date of publishing), Book Title [italics], Place of Publication, Publisher

Answer 130

Author Surname & Initial, (date of publishing), Title of Article, Title of Journal, Voilume number, Issue number, Start & End page numbers

Answer 131

Carrots / Should / Come Mashed / With / Swede Under / Roast / Potatoes

Answer 132

Unrelated / Related / Correlation Nom: CHI-SQUARED / SIGN / CHI-SQUARED Ord: MANN-WHITNEY / WILCOXON / SPEARMAN'S RHO Int: UNRELATED T / RELATED T / PEARSON'S R

Answer 133

Observation of targeted behaviours or specific events, recording the number of times a certain behaviour occurs.

Answer 134

Where an observer records behaviour at prescribed interval

Research Methods Flashcards

(158 cards)