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Psychology - Mrs Quinn > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A testable statement.

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2
Q

What is an Aim?

A

A general statement.

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3
Q

What is a Directional Hypothesis?

A

States there will be a change and predicts the direction of the change.

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4
Q

What is a Non - Directional Hypothesis?

A

States that there will be a change but not the direction of the change.

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5
Q

What is a Null Hypothesis?

A

There is no significant difference.

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6
Q

What is an Independent variable?

A

A characteristic in an experiment that gets changed.

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7
Q

What is the Dependant Variable?

A

A characteristic in an experiment that gets measured.

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8
Q

What is Operationalisation?

A

Clearly defining the variables in terms of how they can be measured (made measurable).

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9
Q

What is an Extraneous variable?

A

Any variable excluding the IV that effects the DV if not controlled.

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10
Q

What is a Demand Characteristic?

A

Any clue about the experiment that might change the participants behavior.

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11
Q

What is the Investigator Effect?

A

Any effect of the researchers behavior on the outcome of the experiment.

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12
Q

What is a Participant Variable?

A

Individual differences between participants that might affect the DV E.g. IQ

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13
Q

What is a Situational Variable?

A

Any features of the environment that may affect the DV E.g. temperature

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of EV’s?

A

1) Demand Characteristics
2) Investigators Effect
3) Participant Variable
4) Situational Variable

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15
Q

What is Standardisation?

A

Using the exact same procedures and instructions for all participants.

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16
Q

What is Randomisation?

A

The use of chance to control and prevent bias.

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17
Q

What is an Experimental Design?

A

How participants are allocated to different conditions.

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18
Q

What are the types of Experimental Designs?

A

1) Repeated Measures
2) Independent Groups
3) Matched Pairs

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19
Q

What is a Repeated Measures Design?

A

Only one group doing both conditions. (A and B)

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20
Q

What does the Repeated Measures Design eliminate? What are the limitations, and how do we over come them?

A

Limitations:
- Demand Characteristic
- Order Effects
(Affects validity)

Overcoming:
- Counter Balancing (ABBA)

Eliminates:
- Participant Variable

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21
Q

What is an Independent Group Design?

A

Two separate random groups. (One group = A
Second group = B)

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22
Q

What does the Independent group Design eliminate? What are the limitations, and how do we over come them?

Study These Flashcards
A

Limitations:
- Participant Variable

Overcoming:
- Randomisation (Prevent
Bias)

Eliminates:
- Order Effects

23
Q

What is a Matched Pairs Deign?

Study These Flashcards
A

Two Separate groups based on certain qualities 2 individuals share. E.g. IQ level

24
Q

What does the Matched Pairs Design eliminate? What are the limitations, and how do we over come them?

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A

Limitations:
- Time Consuming
- Expensive
- Can’t match everyone
perfectly

Overcoming:
- Pilot Study

Eliminates:
- Participant Variable

25
What is the Pilot Study?
A trial run (Sampling) to pre match participants. E.g. taking an IQ test. (For the Matched Pairs Design)
26
What is the Order Effects?
The individual differences that can affect the outcome of the experiment.
27
What is Counterbalancing?
An attempt to control the effects of order in a repeated measures desig. (ABBA)
28
What are the types of Experiments?
- Laboratory - Field - Natural - Quasi
29
What is a Lab Experiment and what are the strengths and weaknesses?
Experiment held in a controlled artificial environment. IV is manipulated to find effects on the DV. Participants know they're involved. Strengths: - High control (Internal Validity and cause and effects, controls EV's -Standardized (Higher validity) Weaknesses: - Lacks realism (External Validity, Investigator effect occurs demand characteristics)
30
What is a Field Experiment and what are the strengths and weaknesses?
In an everyday setting, IV is manipulated to see effects on DV. Behavior is more realistic. Strengths: - Eliminates Demand Characteristics -High External Validity / Realism. Weaknesses: - Low internal validity as there is less control of EVs - Low reliability - Ethical issue (No consent)
31
What is a Natural Experiment and what are the strengths and weaknesses?
Iv doesn't get changed as its already happened: Occurs naturally, measures effects on DV. Strengths: - Not ethical or practical -Used when not possible to manipulate the IV Weaknesses: - Cannot control EVs (Low internal Validity) - No validity or reliability
32
What is a Quasi Experiment?
A pre - existing dividual difference that cannot be manipulated. E.g. Age, Race, mental illness.
33
What does Reliability mean?
Refers to consistency: How constant the results are in an experiment. The use of Standardization.
34
What does Validity mean?
Does it measure what we want it to?
35
What does Internal Validity mean?
Control: If the effects of the experiment are down to manipulation of the IV and nothing else. (Cause and effect)
36
What does External Validity mean?
Realism: The factors outside an experiment. Can it generalize (Reflect) the real world?
37
What is Population / Target population?
The whole group that you're studying.
38
What is a Sample Frame?
A list of everyone in the population.
39
What is a Sample?
A group taken from the sampling frame.
40
What are the different types of sampling?
- Random - Opportunity - Volunteer
41
What is Random Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?
Where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected E.g. The lottery method or puling names out of a hat. Strengths: - Unbiased (NO researcher Bias) - Representative Weaknesses: - Difficult and Time consuming - Can still end up unrepresentative
42
What is Opportunity Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?
Selecting people who is available at that time and are willing to participate. Strengths: - Convenient and Saves time - Less costly Weaknesses: -Bias ( Unrepresentative of target population) -Researcher bias as they have complete control - Cannot be generalized
43
What is Volunteer Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?
Individuals who have chosen to be involved (Self - Selecting) E.g. Responding to an advert for the experiment. Strengths: - Less time consuming as minimal effort gets put in Weaknesses: - Volunteer Bias (Can attract a 'certain profile') E.g. Day time adverts wont attract full time workers.
44
What is Stratified Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?
Dividing the target population into important sub categories. Strengths: - Avoids researcher bias (Numbers are randomly selected, No influence) - Generalization becomes possible Weaknesses: - Cannot reflet all the ways that people are different.
45
What is systematic Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?
Choosing participants from a sampling frame using a system. E.g. Every nth term. Strengths: - Avoids researcher bias ( No influence on who's chosen) - Fairly representative Weaknesses: - Can make the sample bias
46
What does Cross - Sectional mean?
Made up of a range of different people that best represents the population.
47
What does Representative mean?
When data can accurately be represented the population.
48
What does Genalisation mean?
Results from the study that can be applied to the whole of the research population.
49
What are the 3 alternative of getting consent?
- Retrospective (Best one) - Presumptive - Prior General Consent
50
What is Retrospective informed consent?
Consent asked at the end of the experiment and is a part of the debrief (Best one out the three).
51
What is Presumptive consent?
Asked opinions of the population (If they think the experiment should be carried out or not) Nobody actually gives proper consent.
52
What is Prior General consent?
When you give consent to a group of researcher (For example BPS)
53
How do you deal with confidentiality?
- Referring them as numbers - Personal details must be protected and kept private.

Psychology - Mrs Quinn (5 decks)

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