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A level psychology > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what do guidelines say about debriefing

A

a debrief should always be given so PS know full aim of study

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2
Q

what do ethical guidelines say about observation

A

participants can only be observed covertly in a public place

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3
Q

what comes under respect

A

consent , withdrawal and confidentiality

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4
Q

what comes under competence

A

advice

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5
Q

what comes under responsibility

A

protection and debrief

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

How do you overcome deception

A

Give debrief at end

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8
Q

How do you overcome consent issues

A

Gain informed consent or debrief participants at the end

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9
Q

How do you overcome issues with confidentiality

A

Anonymise participants data eg by giving them a participant number

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10
Q

How do you overcome issues with withdrawal

A

Gain informed consent at the start of the study

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11
Q

How do you overcome issues with protection

A

Avoid harm
Debrief and advice at end of

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12
Q

What is random sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses

A

When every member of target population has equal chance of being picked
E.g pulling names out of hat
Strength : unbiased
Weakness : time consuming
People selected may not want to take part

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13
Q

What is opportunity sampling

A

People readily available at time of study are picked
Quick and cheap
However it may be biased as all participants are selected from the same place

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14
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of volunteer sampling

A

Strengths : less withdrawal as participants signed themselves up for it
Weaknesses : bias as certain types of people are more likely to take part

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15
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of snowball sampling

A

Strengths : useful for hard to reach populations
Weaknesses : biased as participants are likely to recruit people like them

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16
Q

What is a self report

A

A method that involves asking participants about their thoughts feelings or opinions towards something

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17
Q

What is a questionnaire

A

Questions to gather information

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18
Q

What is an interview

A

Technique used to collect data on people’s thoughts , involves social interaction

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19
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires

A

Able to reach large populations
Anonymous so may encourage honesty

Not everyone responds
Possible bias

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20
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of interviews

A

Questions can be altered based on responses

Responses may be altered due to feeling judged by the researcher
Time consuming

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21
Q

What are the strengths of a structured interview

A

Easy to compare answers and replicate
Lack depth and detail and participants may feel uncomfortable as it’s formal

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22
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of semi structured interviews

A

Participants can expand on answers giving more detail
Hard to replicate or compare answers

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23
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of unstructured interviews

A

Flexible and researcher can build relationship with participant

Data may not be relevant
Time consuming and hard to replicate

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24
Q

What is a semantic differential rating scale

A

Scale that measures a persons attitude towards something by putting it on a scale between two descriptive words

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25
What are the strengths of semantic differential rating scale
Easy to analyse Descriptive words give the scale more meaning
26
What are the weaknesses of a semantic differential rating scale
Open to response bias Lack depth and detail
27
What is a likert scale
A type of rating scale that allows people to indicate how much they agree or disagree with a statement
28
What are the strengths of using a likert scale
Tells you strength of an opinion Easy to analyse
29
What are the weaknesses of using a likert scale
Open to response bias Data has to be proccessed before it can be analysed
30
What is a structured observation and what are the strengths and weaknesses
Researcher has predetermined behaviours that they tally as they occur Strengths - easy to record and analyse High inter rated reliability Weaknesses - Lowe validity and increased observer bias
31
What are unstructured observations and what are the strengths and weaknesses
The researcher has no predetermined behaviours to look out for Strengths - higher validity and reduced observer bias Weaknesses - low inter rater reliability and harder to observe
32
What is a participant observation and what are the strengths and weaknesses
Observer is part of the group or pretending to be part of the group being observed Strengths - more accuracy and detail Weaknesses - increased observer bias
33
What are non participant observations and what are the strengths and weaknesses
Observer is not part of the group of people being observed Strength - decreased observer bias Weaknesses - decreased accuracy and detail
34
What are the strengths and weaknesses of overt observations
Increased ethics but increased observer effects
35
What are the strengths and weaknesses of covert observations
Decreased observer effects but they have decreased ethics
36
What are strengths and weaknesses of time sampling
Easier to record data but behaviours outside of time frames are likely to be missed
37
What are strengths and weaknesses of event sampling
Less likely to miss behaviour but data is harder to record
38
What are coding frames and what is the strengths and weaknesses
Behavioural categories are coded and can be rated for severity May be more detailed than checklists May be open to bias and not consistent
39
What stats test would you use for ordinal data with independent measures design
Mann Whitney u
40
What stats test would you use for nominal level data and independent measures design
Chi squared
41
What stats test would you use for repeated measures design and nominal level data
Binomial sign test
42
What stats test would you use for ordinal level data and repeated measures or matched pairs design
Wilcoxon signed ranks
43
What stats test would you use for ordinal / interval level data and a correlation
Spearman’s Rho
44
what are the strengths and weaknesses of naturalistic observations
higher ecological validity harder to replicate and less ethical
45
what are the strengths and weaknesses of controlled observation
easier to replicate and is more ethical lower ecological validity
46
what are the strengths and weaknesses of behavioural categories
all data will be relevant and increased reliability researcher may miss important behaviours that arent on the list
47
what are the strengths and weaknesses of using coding frames
more detailed than behaviour checklists open to interpretation and may not be consistent
48
what are coding frames
behavioural categories that can be coded and rated for severity
49
what is inter rater reliability
comparing the data recorded by two or more observers to see how similiar it is
50
what are extraneous variables
factors which may influence your dv that arent your iv and can be controlled to minimise the effects
51
what are confounding variables
factors which may influence your Dv that arent the Iv that are out of the researchers control
52
what are the strengths and weaknesses of using correlations
shows us how strong relationship between two co varibales is quantitave data cause and effect cannot be assumed as there is no manipulated variable
53
what are the strengths and weaknesses of case studies
higher ecological validity and more depth and detail difficult to generalise and replicateh
54
what is the defintion of a case study
an in depth study of one individual or a small group of individuals
55
what is interval level data
data measured with fixed units with equal distances inbetween e.g temp in degrees
56
what is ordinal data
data in rank order , tells us who is first , second or third e.g amazon reviews from 1-5 stars
57
what is nominal level data
number of data points that fall into a category e.g number of people who have brown , blue or green eyes
58
what is a general definition of validity
whether a measure measures what it claims to be
59
what is internal validity
whether the researcher is measuring the effect of the iv on the dv
60
what is face validity
how good the research looks to be at testing what it claims to be
61
what is construct validity
when a reserach instrument measures the behaviour that it sets out to
62
what is concurrent validity
where one study of a behaviour gives the same results as another test or study that claims to be measuring the same thing
63
what is criterion validity
the extent to which your measure of a behaviour can predict the performance of another measure
64
what is external validity and what are the two types
if results of research can be generalised outside of the research setting ecological and population
65
what is the split half method
comparing the two halves of research instrument and seeing if they are the same
66
what is the strengths and weaknesses of using the mean
data does not have to be ordered can be skewed due to outliers
67
what are the strengths and weaknesses of using the median
not affected by outliers numbers have to be ordered
68
what are the strengths and weaknesses of calculating the mode
no calculation involved no guarantee that the mode reflects the data set
69
when would you use a histogram
when data is continous
70
what are strengths and weaknesses of range
quick and easy to work out doesnt take all scores into account
71
what are the strengths and weaknesses of using variance and standard deviaiton
considers all scores in the data set time consumingwh
72
what are the strengths and weaknesses of using standard deviation
considers all scores in data set
73
what goes in the abstract
summary of research
74
what goes into the results
statistical analyis no raw datat
75
what goes in the appendices
any materials you have used e.g consent forms , pictures of room layout
76

A level psychology (23 decks)

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