Research Methods Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Random sampling
A
Every member has equal chance
2
Q
Systematic sampling
A
Every nth person is selected
3
Q
Reliability
A
The consistency of a measurement
4
Q
Internal reliability
A
Internal consistency of a measure
5
Q
Split-half
A
Date collected and split in half results of each half compared
6
Q
External reliability
A
Consistency with different measures of in the same one text to another
7
Q
Test- retest
A
Re-administering some test to some people under some conditions but different occasions
8
Q
Inter- rater
A
Subjectively leading to bias
9
Q
Inter-observer
A
Doing study and getting second researcher to study compare correlation coalition of + 0.80
10
Q
Validity
A
The extent to a result reflects a true findings is real world
11
Q
Internal validity
A
findings related to the manipulation of independent variables
12
Q
External validity
A
Can be generalised beyond the study
13
Q
Population validity
A
Can results be generalised by general population
14
Q
Ecological validity
A
Results be generalised to real world and real life
15
Q
Mundane realism
A
Task be generalised to real world and real life
16
Q
Temporal validity
A
Can results be generated across different times
17
Q
Face validity
A
Simple technique to test for validity
18
Q
Concurrent validity
A
Comparing new procedure with similar procedures that been done before
19
Q
Stratified sampling
A
Population divided into distinct stat and specific numbers
20
Q
Opportunity sampling
A
Happen able to get regardless of representation
21
Q
Volunteer sampling
A
Volunteer when asked
22
Q
Ordinal data sampling
A
Qualities categories all natural order
23
Q
Ordinal data sampling
A
Qualities categories all natural order
24
Q
British psychological society
A
Responsible for promotion of excellences ethical practice
25
Informed consent
Participant not given all the aims of the study stop demand characteristics
26
Presumptive consent
Informing group of individuals similar to research participants about aims of study
27
Prior general consent
Informing participants that may be deceived in some way
28
Retrospective consent
Participants gives consent for their data to be used in research once debriefed
29
Deception
Prevents participants to give informed consent
30
Right to withdraw
It leave during study lead to bias
participants who receive money or uni credits may feel less able to
31
Protection from physical and psychological ham
Scientists difficult to guarantee from protection harm
32
Confidentially
Researcher wish publish findings but data protection act make confidentiality right
33
Privacy
Only research is observing the study
34
Pilot studies
Small trial version of proposal study
Can identify potential issues early
35
Laboratory experiment: strengths
In controlled environment
high control over confounding and extraneous variables.
Researcher ensure effect on DV’s be result of manipulation of IV.
be more certain demonstrating cause and effect
Replication more possible because of high control ensure new extraneous variable not introduced when repeating experiment
36
Laboratory experiment: weaknesses
Lack of generalisation
Environment be artificial not like everyday life
Un familiar area participants may behave in unusual was so behaviour not always be generalised beyond research setting low external validity
Participants know being tested cause unnatural behaviour demand characteristics
Not represent everyday experiences mundane realism
37
Field experiments
Researcher goes to participants usual environment
IV manipulated in a natural everyday setting
38
Field experiment: strengths
High mundane realism because environment more natural
Produce behaviour that more valid and authentic
Participant be unaware being studied high external validity
39
Field experiment: weaknesses
Increase realism = loss of control of CVs and EVs
Can cause effect between IV and DV St in field studies be more difficult to establish and precise replication not possible
Ethical issue
40
Natural experiment
Measure effect IV on a DV
Researcher no control over the IV and cannot change it
Someone or something else causes it to vary
41
Natural experiment: strengths
Provide opportunities for research that may not otherwise be undertaken for practical or ethical reasons
High external validity because involves real world issues and problems
42
Natural experiment: weaknesses
Event only happens rarely reducing opportunities for research
Limits scope of generalising finding to other situations
Participants may not be randomly allocated to
Experimental conditions
43
Quasi experiments
Having as IV that based on existing difference between people
no one manipulates the variable
Just exists
The IV can not be changed
44
Quasi experiments: strengths and weaknesses
Carried out controlled conditions
An not randomly allocate participants to conditions therefore may be confounding variables
IV not deliberately changed by researcher
45
Operationalised
To be precise and clear about what is being manipulated or measured
46
Research aims.
A general statement about what the researcher intends to investigate
47
Hypotheses
A statement of what you believe is true
Precise and testable
48
Directional hypothesis
States the direction of the predicted difference between two conditions or two groups of people
49
Directional hypothesis: template
Participant who complete condition A will score higher on DV compared to participants who complete condition B
50
Non-directional hypothesis
A hypothesis that not give direction of the prediction
51
Non-directional hypothesis: template
There will be a difference in DV sores between condition A and condition B
52
Extraneous variables
The variable that isn't the IV but could affect the dependant variable it not controlled
53
Participant variables
Any characteristics of participant that can impact result of the study
54
Demand characteristics
Participants works out aim of study and change behaviour
55
Investigator effect
When researcher unintentionally or unconsciously influence the outcome
56
Situational variables
Features of the experiment that can effect the results
57
Experimental hypothesis
Researcher controls /manipulates the IV in order to measure effect on DV
Can measure cause and effect
Hypothesis States a difference
58
Correlations
No manipulation of one variable
Measuring two co-variables
Not establish cause and effect
Hypothesis States a ' relationship' or 'association'
59
Correlation coefficients
A number between -1 and +1
60
Strengths and weaknesses of correlation
In one note under correlation
61
Matching pairs
Different participants in each condition
Matched on important variables
Like age, sex and personality
62
Independent groups/ measures
Different participants in each group
63
Repeated measures
All participants do task with both audience and then without
64
Order effect
Occurs when participants responses in the various conditions are effected by the order of conditioning to which were exposed
65
Counter balancing
Half participants do task with audience then without
Others do conditions but other way around
66
Sections of a science report: Abstract
- first section in journal article
- short summary
- 150-200 words
- includes brief overview of all major element
- aims and hypotheses
- methods/procedures
- results
- conclusions
67
Sections of science report: introduction
- literature review of relevant theories and studies related to current study
- gradually become more specific towards current study
- includes and aims and hypotheses
68
Sections of science report: method
Should include sufficient detail so other researchers can replicate the study
- design
-sample= target population, size of sample
- Apparatus/materials
- procedure= a ‘recipe-style’ list of everything that happening from beginning to end, including briefing,standardised instructions and debriefing
- ethics= have these been addressed
69
Sections of science report: results
- summarise key findings
- descriptive statistics
- inferential statistics
Qualitative data= analysis of theme and / or categories
- no raw data in this section
70
Sections of a science report: discussion
- summarise key results and conclusions in context of the evidence from introduction to other relevant research
- limitations of the study and how they might be addressed in future study
- wider implications
71
Sections of a science report: references
- full details of any source materials cut4rd in report
- important to avoid plagiarism
- books
Author (date) title of book. Place of publication, publisher
- journal articles
Author(s) (date). Article title. Journal name, volume (issues), page number
72
Sections of a science report: appendices (sometimes)
- include additional resources/information which may be of internet e..g:
- raw data tables
- copy of questionare/interview schedule
- ethics application
73
Peer review
GO TO ONE NOTE
74
Primary data
Collected yourself
Original data collected specially for that purpose
75
Secondary data
Collected by someone other than person doing the study
76
Qualitative data
Data expressed in words
77
Quantitative data
Data expressed numerically
78
Quantitative data
Data expressed numerically
