Research Methods Flashcards

Question

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS What is repeated measures Strengths Weaknesses

Answer 1

Every participant takes part in each condition A strength of repeated measures is the findings are not affected by individual differences because the same groups of people are being compared in each condition so one condition can't naturally be better at the task than another group so we can be confident that it is the manipulation of the IV causes the difference in the DV, not the EV individual differences, increasing validity of the findings A weakness of repeated measures is it is more prone to demand characteristics as participants take part in all condition, more likely to work out aim of the experiment, more likely to show unnatural behaviour to fit the aim or impress the researcher, can not be confident that the manipulation of the IV causes the differences in DV, not the EV, decreases validity of the findings A weakness of repeated measures is the findings are affected by order effect as each participant takes part in both conditions so so they might be bored or tored when going through the second condition so their performance will be worse so we can not be confident that it is the manipulation of the IV causes the differences in DV, not the EV, increases validity of the findings

Answer 2

All participants take a pretest before the experiment on a variable related to the study Rank participants based of the performance 1st and 2nd paired as they have a similar ability, 3rd and 4th paired and this continues until all the participants are in a pair From each pair, one person is randomly allocated into condition 1, the other person gets randomly allocated to condition 2 STRENGTHS: It reduces individual differences as participants vave meen matched on their prior abilities and individual traits. Therefore, you can be confident that is the manipulation of the IV that leads to differences in the DV, not the EV Findings are not affected by order effects as participants only take part in one condition so there are less likely to be affected by boredom or tiredness when going through the second condition, Therefore, you can be confident that is the manipulation of the IV that leads to differences in the DV, not the EV Less prone to demand characteristics as participants only take part in one condition so are less likely to work out the aim of the experiment so are less likely to show unnatural behaviour to fit the aim or to impress the researched, Therefore, you can be confident that is the manipulation of the IV that leads to differences in the DV, not the EV WEAKNESS: The process of testing participants ability prior to the experiment and then pairing them up can be time consuming so doing this takes longer than independent groups or repeated measures

Answer 3

Counter balancing Random allocation Standardisation Randomisation

Answer 4

Divide the sample into 2 subgroups of equal sizes. Subgroup 1 goes through condition A first and then condition B. Subgroup 2 goes through condition B first and then condition A. This ensures we balance out the impact of order effects across both conditions so that both conditions are equally affected by the impact of order effects. As a result, we can be confident that it is the manipulation of the IV causing differences in the DV, not due to EV(Order effects)

Answer 5

Put the names of all participants in your sample in individual pieces of paper and put them all in a hat. Given there are 50 ppt, pick 25 names and they will all go to condition A. Pick 25 names and they will all go to condition B. OR Put 25 individual pieces of paper with A and 25 individual pieces of paper with B in the same hat. Participants pick paper themselves and if they pick A, they go to condition A, if they pick B, they go to condition B. To ensure ppt of a particular type do not all end up systematically in the same condition, therefore individual traits or characteristics are spread across both conditions To ensure the researchers don't knowingly allocate participants of a particular type to one condition in order to prove their hypothesis to be true

Answer 6

Put all the words that participants are going to see on individual pieces of paper in a hat. Pick out words put of the hat one by one. The order in which words are pulled out of the hat will be the order in which participants see the information To ensure that participants do not see words/images in an order that has been systematically changed to elicit a particular response (e.g. not all the happy words at the beginning of the list and sad words at the end of the list)

Answer 7

To ensure all participants are treated the same in an experiment and everything is kept the same apart from the IV Ensure amount of time given same, difficulty of task is same, treatment same(e.g. same neutral tone with everyone), Interviewer is same sex as interviewee, everyone given same resources -To ensure all participants recieve the same fair treatment and to prevent one condition from having an unfair advantage over the other condition which can lead to innacurate results which reduces the validity

Answer 8

Researcher unknowingly or unknowingly demonstrates a behaviour or through their charecteristics, will influence the participants behaviour, this impacts the findings of the study Double blind research: Researcher and participant do not know which condition the participant is in, this reduces the investigator effect so the Researcher can't knowingly or unknowingly change their behaviour to influence their participants behaviour in order to prove their hypothesis to be true

Answer 9

TARGET POPULATION Group of people the researcher wants to study and apply their findings to SAMPLE Group of people taken from the target population who will take part in the research REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE The sample is a good reflection of the target population so you can apply the findings to the target population Opportunity sampling Volunteer sampling Random sampling Systematic sampling Stratified sampling

Answer 10

Researcher goes to members of public who are the TP and ask if they want to take part in the research. If they are willing to take part and able to take part, they become part of the sample for this investigation STRENGTHS -Quick and convenient way of gathering sample compared to other sampling methods like stratified sampling and lots of ppts can be gathered in a short amount of time WEAKNESSES -Sample will be unrepresentative of tp a sample will only reflect members of tp who are in the vicinity of the researcher or those who the researcher has access to-can't generalise findings to tp - reduces population validity -Sample will be biased as researcher has full control over the members of tp so they will go up to people who they prefer (friends) or people who they believe will prove their hypothesis to be true - This increases researcher bias and reduces validity of the findings

Answer 11

The researcher advertises the study on relevant websites/newspapers/appropriate locations, advert medium has to be tailored to the TP. After seeing the advert, participants will respond to the researcher if they are interested, those who contact the researcher will be part of the sample STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Sample not representative of tp as it may attract atypical repsondents(people who take part in the study as they are interested in the aim of the study) - this means they will try hard and put in effort into the study - leads to atypical behaviour and results that can't be applied to tp - reduces population validity Also based on where the researcher chose to advertise, they are more likely to attract ppts who have access to that medium (e.g. local newspaper) - can't generalise findings to tp - reduces population validity

Answer 12

Researcher aquire names of all members of TP and puts them on individual pieces of paper in a hat. Researcher picks out as many names from the hat as needed to form the sample. All the names that are picked from the hat will be part of the sample STRENGTHS No researcher bias as participants are ppts by chance as researcher as no control over who is randomly picked so they cannot choose to pick members of the tp who they prefer (friends) or those who they believe will prove their hypothesis to be true - this reduces investigator effects and increases validity of findings WEAKNESSES -It is time consuming as gathering the names of all members of tp requires a lot of time and effort and can be inconvenient -May be unrepresentative of the tp, it is possible that by chance every person picked out of a hat has similar traits - can't generalise findings to tp - reduces population validity

Answer 13

Researcher aquire names of all members of TP. Put names in a list in a specific order (e.g. alphabetical order). Generates a random number to act as the nth term. Pick every nth participant on the list until you have as many participants as needed STRENGTHS -No researched bias as participants are picked based on nth term so researcher has no control over who is picked so they cannot choose to pick members of the tp they prefer (friends) or those who they belive will prove their hypothesis to be true - reduces investigator effects and increases validity of findings WEAKNESSES - It can be time consuming as gathering names of all members of tp can require a lot of time and effort and can be inconvenient -Sample may not be representative of tp, possible that by chance every nth ppt picked has similar traits - can't generalise findings to tp - reducing population validity

Answer 14

After identifying a TP, calculate the proportions of subgroups that exist in the TP Gather names of everyone in TP and separate them into different hats based on their subgroups Based on the proportions identified, pick as many names from each hat so the proportion of each subgroup in your sample is the same as it is in the TP Everyone who is picked forms the sample STRENGTHS: Sample is representative of TP as all subgroups within TP are represented in the sample in the right proportion so findings can be applied to TP -No researcher bias as r has no control over who is randomly picked so they cannot choose members of the TP who they prefer (friends) or those who they believe will prove their hypothesis to be true, increases validity of findings Time consuming as you have to gather names of everyone in TP and work out proportions of subgroups within TP, can require a lot of time and effort so it is inconvenient compared to opportunity sampling

Answer 15

A small scale version of a study done before the actual study to identify methodological errors within the study so that these errors can be rectified for the actual full scale research It will help save a lot of time and resources when doing the real study

Answer 16

-Is the material accessible/appropriate (words in sme lang as ppts/images displayed on screen isn't blurry) -Right amount of material given to ppts(amount of time given appropriate) -Instructions are clear for ppts

Answer 17

Protection from psychological and physical harm Right to confidentiality Right to withdraw Informed consent Deception

Answer 18

-Ppts should not be physically or psychologically harmed and they should leave the research in the same state they arrived in -Researchers must ensure their method does not willingly put ppts under the risk of harm, if harm is caused unknowingly, during the debrief ppts should be offered therapy to reduce the impact of the method, it ppts take this offer, follow up with them to ensure they have recovered from any harm caused by the method

Answer 19

-Ppts personal details including the nature of their performance, should be kept confidential and cannot be released to the public under the name of the ppt -Use an allias(fake name) or initials instead of ppts full name, release the info under this name -Number the ppts in the experimental and refer to them as numbers

Answer 20

-All ppts have a right to withdraw from the study whenever they wish and cannot be coerced or manipulated to cary on taking part in the experiment if they wish to leave -Remind ppt before/during/after he experiment that they have the right to withdraw whenever they wish -If they would like to withdraw, let them without any manipulation or coercion to stay -Delete their data after they withdraw from the research

Answer 21

Ensuring ppts have been well informed about tje research before they take part and give consent on basis of reasonable knowledge of what the research entails -Ppt should be given a consent Farm containing all relevant info about the experiment, should be informed about all aspects of the study (aim, method and what they are required to do beforehand), they should then be asked if they would like to take part and will sign the form to provide consent -If ppt is below 18, consent had to be gained from parent/guardian - Presumptive content: Find a group of ppl similar to ppts and verbally inform then about the aim/method/any deception that may occur. Ask this group if they would be willing to take part in such a research, if they agree to take part, then you can assume your ppt would be willing to take part too, carry on with the experiment and get consent from your real ppt after the experiment

Answer 22

Misleading ppts deliberately about aspects of the method and research -After the study debrief, researcher informs ppt about alla sprats of the study(real aim, full method, what happened in all conditions, clarify instances of deception) -ppt given another opportunity to withdraw if not satisfied with reasons for deception, if they choose to withdraw, delete all information

Answer 23

ALEQS ALEQ

Answer 24

1. Inform ppts of the aim of the study 2. Inform ppts of the method and what you require ppts to do 3. Inform ppts of ethical issues - withdrawal and confidentiality 4. Opportunity to contact you if you have any questions 5. If they consent to experiment, sign the consent form

Answer 25

1. Inform participants about the actual aim of the study 2. Inform ppts of the actual tasks what happened in all conditions not just theirs 3. Offer withdrawal, assure confidentially, offer therapy if harmed 4. Provide them with the opportunity to ask questions

Answer 26

Write down everything you would need to know as a ppt Give pot all info they need to take part in the task, what they need to do, how to use equipment, time given, at the end provide them a opportunity to ask any questions

Answer 27

Naturalistic Controlled Covert Overt Participant Non participant

Answer 28

Naturalistic: Takes place in a real life environment + no control over environment Controlled: Takes place in an artifical setting + control over settings

Answer 29

Remove the impact of extraneous factors on behaviour Easy to observe behaviour that takes place

Answer 30

STRENGTHS: High ecological validity more likely to act how they would on real life WEAKNESSES: Low replicability, no standardised procedures, can't repeat to check for consistency In findings, reduces reliability

Answer 31

STRENGTHS: Replicable as it takes place in a controlled setting, establish standardised procedures, can repeat to check for consistency In findings increases reliability WEAKNESSES: Low ecological validity, takes place in a highly controlled setting so less likely to show genuine behaviour

Answer 32

Covert: Ppts do not know they are being observed Overt: Ppts are aware they are being observed

Answer 33

STRENGTHS: More likely to see ppts' genuine behaviour as ppts are unaware they're being observed, do not change behaviour to impress observer, increases validity WEAKNESSES: Unethical as there is no informed consent, no permission to take part in study

Answer 34

STRENGTHS: Ethical compared to covert o as they gain informed consent and ppts give permission to take part in the study and are aware they're being observed WEAKNESSES: ppts are aware they're being observed, so they are less likely to show genuine behaviour and are more likely to change behaviour and show demand characteristics 6 the observer, decreases validity

Answer 35

Ppt: R takes part in tasks with ppts Non ppt: R does not take part in task with ppts

Answer 36

STRENGTHS: Better insight into ppt behaviour as R takes part in task alongside ppts, R can interact with ppt and understand the real reason for their behaviour, increases validity of findings WEAKNESSES: R may get distracted by taking part in the actual task and may miss out on ppts behaviour, reduces validity -Being part of ppt group so Overtime, R can form a bond with ppts which may lead to subjective interpretation of ppt behaviour which reduces validity of their findings

Answer 37

STRENGTHS: R u smore objective about findings as not part of ppt groups so are less likely to have formed a bond with ppts compared to participant observations where this might happen, increase validity WEAKNESSES: Less insight on ppt behaviour as not taking part alongside ppts, R simply watching and observing behaviour, may miss out on reasons why ppts show their behaviour, reduces validity

Answer 38

Use predetermined categories of behaviour and when a parrticipanf demonstrates a behaviour related to the category, add a tally to the relevant category Produces quantitative data

Answer 39

Specific actions which help measure a target behaviour in an observation

Answer 40

Unstructured observations Structured observations

Answer 41

Behavioural categories

Answer 42

When you give the target behaviour a specific measurement

Answer 43

Relevant to target behaviour Clear and distinct categories- can't be broad No categories overlap eachother Do a pilot study to make sure you have good behavioural categories

Answer 44

Different ways of obtaining and recording data Event sampling and Time sampling

Answer 45

-Establish a list of target actions(events) related to the behaviour, once the observation starts, R records every time they see that action occur within the ppts ADVANTAGES R will not miss out on information/instances of behaviour as ppts are being observed for the whole time period DISADVANTAGES More difficult to do as it requires the osberver to be vigilant the whole time, increases likelihood of mistakes due to fatigue, decreases validity of data

Answer 46

-R decides a duration of observation, then splits duration into regular, appropriate intervals(generally between 30-60sec), on the stroke of each interval, the R observes the ppts and records behaviour that occurs during that moment, no info is recorded between intervals,carry on until all prerecorded intervals have been recorded ADVANTAGES Easier to carry out compared to event sampling as R only focuses on the observation at the interval and not the whole duration- less likely to make mistakes due to fatigue- increases validity of data DISADVANTAGES If a behaviour starts and stops in between intervals, that behaviour will not be recorded even though the behaviour may be valid - miss out on data

Answer 47

-Two observers observe the ppts and each are given their own copy of the recording sheet -Before the observation, they agree on the predetermined behavioural categories -After observation, they correlate their scores and calculate a correlation coefficient -If the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.8, strong psotiive relationship, high inter observer reliability -Observation takes place at the same time, same ppts, same duration and same location

Answer 48

Research methods where ppts directly provide the info and data relevant to the investigation Questionnaires Interviews

Answer 49

Ppts not given any fixed, optional responses to choose from and are free to elaborate to any level they like STRENGTHS: Provides in depth info from ppts as they are not limited to foxed options so can elaborate on the reason for their behaviour which increases the validity WEAKNESSES: No standardised, fixed options provided so ppts may provide a wide variety of responses which may be difficult to compare as it is difficult to generate wuesrion by question statistical analysis collectively

Answer 50

Have predetermined fixed, optional responses that ppts choose from tk answer questions STRENGTHS: There are standardised, fixed options provided, ppts responses will be out of a fixed range of responses which will be easier to compare than open questions as you can generate a question by question statistical alanlusis collectively WEAKNESSES: Provides less indepth info from opts and they are limited to fixed options so can elaborate on the reasons for their behaviour which decreases the validity

Answer 51

On a scale of 1 to 10, can you rate the pasta in the canteen, one being fbe worst, 10 being the best

Answer 52

Method of gathering data where ppts have to give their responses to questions in writing STRENGTHS: Quick and convenient method to gather data because you can gather a lot of data in a short duration as R doesn't need to be present with the ppt when they fill out the questionnaire (Only use when asked for 2 strengths) Less likely to be affected by investigator effects like tone of voice when asking questions as R is not present when ppts fill out the questionarre sondara is less likely to be affected by r bias in questionnaires WEAKNESSES: Ppts may lie about their thoughts and behaviours to make a positive impression on the R, this is called social desirability, reduces validity of data gathered -If ppts do not understand a question, they may either leave it blank or answer inaccurately, which means invalid faulty data is being gathered, which leads to invalid conclusions, howver this may not happen in an interview as since the R is present and the ppt does not understand a questions, the R could clarify it

Answer 53

Observe things as they happens and this produced qualitative data

Answer 54

All questions are predetermined and all ppts are asked same questions in same order and R can't ask extra questions even if they want to STRENGTHS: -More of a standardised procedure than unstructured interviews as same questions are are asked to all ppts in the same order, easier to replicate, easier to check reliability -Easier to analyse, all ppts asked same questions so easier to do a question by question statistical analysis comparing all ppt responses to a particular question -Do not require much questioning skills or training to conduct, R simply has to read the question out for ppts, do not have to think about the question being leading/effective compared to unstructured interviews where interbiewers have to be trained to ask good questions WEAKNESS: Lack depth compared fo unstructured interviews as if ppts reveal relevant new details we cannot ask follow up questions to further probe into this new detail, therefore info gathered may present an incomplete picture

Answer 55

Start the interview with a starting question/theme in mind All following questions are based on the interviewees response so different ppts have different questions based on what they say STRENGTHS More depth compared to structured interviews as if ppts reveal relevant new details, we can ask follow up questions to further probe into this new detail. Therefore, info gathered may be a complete picture WEAKNESSES: -less kf a standardised procedure than structured interviews as different questions asked to all ppts as they are based on responses to previous question, harder to replicate, harder to check reliability -Harder to analyse as all ppts asked different questions based on responses to previous questions so harder to do question by question statistical analysis comparing all ppt responses to a particular question -Requires quesrioning skills or training to conduct as R needs to be able to generate questions that are efficency at extracting valid info based on ppts responses, this training may require time and resources that won't be required for a R to conduct structured interviews

Answer 56

-Questions have to be specific -Do not use unnecessarily complex langauge in a question -So not ask double questions

Answer 57

STRENGTHS: If ppts do not understand a question, can directly ask the interviewing R for clarification and answer accordingly, therefore data gathered will be more valid than questionarres where R may not be present so cannot provide clarification for ppts tp answer accordingly WEAKNESSES: - More likely to lie to make a psotiive impression on the interviewer, this is called social desirability, the data gategred will be invalid -Time consuming method to gather data compared to questionnaires as the R has to directly communicate with ppt throughout interview, compared to Q where ppt can provide info in their own time -Intevriewes more prone to investigator effects than questionarres, in an interveiw R asking questions may use differnt tones with diff ppts unknowingly, might influence how ppts repsond to questions, this may not happen in quesitonarres as R may not be present, less valid data

Answer 58

General indication about the performance of a group or condition

Answer 59

Mean Median Mode Range Standard deviation

Answer 60

STRENGTH More representative than median or mode because It takes into account all of the dv instead of simply just focusing on the middle value like the median WEAKNESS takes into account all dv data, including anomalies so it more affected my anomalous values compared to the mode thar only takes into account the most common dv so is not affected

Answer 61

STRENGTHS focuses on the middle DV value excluding anomalies so is less affected by anomalous results compared to the mean, which is affected as it focuses on all DV values, including anomalies WEAKNESS Less representative than mean because it takes into account only the middle DV from the group of ppts instead of focusing on all values like the mean

Answer 62

STRENGTH Focuses on most common DV, excluding anomalies so is less affected by anomalous results compared to the mean ehich takes into account all dv values, including the anomalous ones WEAKNESS Less represrative than mean as it only focuses on the most common dv instead of focusing on all the dv like the mean

Answer 63

Condition 1 means you have higher ...... than condition 2 This is because condition was has a higher mean than condition 2

Answer 64

Single figure which summarises the distance from the mean of each data point

Answer 65

Biggest value minus smallest value

Answer 66

If its higher, there is less consistency and is higher variation

Answer 67

If there is an anomalous data point, sd is less affected by anomalous results as it takes into account the distance from the mean of every dv compared to the range which only looks st the highest and lowest so is more likely to be distorted by anomalous values

Answer 68

Condition 2 has higher variation and lower consistency compared to condition 2 which has lower variation and higher consistency. This is because condition 1 has a higher standard deviation that condition 2

Answer 69

Average (mean)

Answer 70

New-Old/Old × 100

Answer 71

A statistical technique to analyse the relationship between 2 covariables

Answer 72

EXPERIMENT: Manipulate the IV to investigate the impact on the DV so there is a cause and effect between the IV and DV CORRELATION: Measure Covariable1 and covariable2 to establish a relationship but cannot establish a cause and effect

Answer 73

POSITIVE As one covariable increases, the other covariable also increases NEGATIVE As one covariable increases, the other covariable decreases

Answer 74

DIRECTIONAL: There will be a a positive/negative correlation between cov1 and cov2. This means as cov1 increases, cov2 increases/decreases NON DIRECTIONAL: There will be a significant relationship between cov1 and cov2

Answer 75

Scatter graph Correlation coefficient

Answer 76

Numerical representation of the strength and direction of the relationship between cov1 and cov2

Answer 77

+1 or -1 (Perfect positive or Perfect Negative) 0.7 to 0.999 (Strong) 0.4 to 0.699 (Moderate) 0.1 to 0.399 (Weak) +0.1 to -0.1 (no correlation)

Answer 78

-Provides a starting point within research which allows us to identify relationships that may be worth investigating further through experiments -As correlations rewuire only measurements and no manipulation of behaviour they can be helpful in investigating behaviours which may be unethical to manipulate as an IV in an experimental setting

Answer 79

Correlations do not provide a cause and effect relationship between two variables. Could be that cov1 causes cov2 or cov2 causes cov1 or there could be a 3rd variable influencing both at the same time but we will not know this from correlations

Answer 80

A scatter graph demonstrating a correlation between X and Y

Answer 81

The occurrence of charecteristics in the general population

Answer 82

Symmetrical Mean=~Median=~Mode

Answer 83

Most people are around the middle of the range and very few people get the top end and bottom end of the range

Answer 84

Under the peak of the distribution curve

Answer 85

Even task difficulty

Answer 86

Skewed at the top positive end of the range

Answer 87

Skewed at the bottom negative end of the range

Answer 88

Mean>Median>Mode

Answer 89

High task difficulty because most people get scores on the lower end if the range and fewer people get scores on the higher end of the range

Answer 90

Most people get scores on the higher end of the range and fewer people get scores on the lower end of the range

Answer 91

Mode is the peak Mean is at the middle but closer to the peak Median is between mode and mean

Answer 92

Helps us conclude if there is a significant difference in dv when comparing c1 to c2 -If there is a significant difference in dv, we can conclude the difference is due to manipulation of iv -if there isn't a significant difference in dv for c1 and c2, we can conclude that the difference is due to just chance

Answer 93

One tailed - Directional hypothesis (significant increase/decrease) Two tailed - Non directional hypothesis(significant difference)

Answer 94

Likelihood that difference in dv/relationship between variables is due to chance

Answer 95

There is less than 5%likelihood that difference in dv in c2 compared to c2 is due to chance There is more than 95% likelihood that difference in dv in c1 compared to c2 is due to manipulation of iv

Answer 96

Lower likelihood that difference in dv in c1 compared to c2 is due to chance

Answer 97

Higher likelihood that difference in dv in c1 compared to c2 is due to chance

Answer 98

-If the investigation is a test of difference (only used in experiments + not correlations) -Repeated measures or matched pairs design -Only works when nominal data is being measured

Answer 99

One tail/Two tail Number of ppts Calculated S value

Answer 100

Less than or equal to

Answer 101

Ignore it and make sure you reduce the number of ppts

Answer 102

Original data that didn't exist before and is collected by the R by making first hand contact with ppts for the purpose of the research

Answer 103

STRENGTHS-More relevant to the study as R collects data themselves so doesn't contain any irrelevant information which increases validity -R can be sure the data is valid as the study is within their control e.g. extraneous variables or conducted a pilot study beforehand. This increases the validity of their conclusions WEAKNESSES Time consuming and expensive as the researcher has to collect first hand data from ppts

Answer 104

It is pre existing data that existed before the study and has been accessed by the R from other sources for the purpose of the study

Answer 105

STRENGTHS -Less time consuming compared to primary data as the data already exists so can gather large amounts of data in a short amount of time WEAKNESSES -May contain irrelevant information as it was not collected for the purpose of the study so R needs to filter out any irrelevant information which might not be possible to do accurately which cab impact the validity of the conclusion -As the data has been gathered from other sources, they can't be sure of the validity of the data as it may not have been controlled for example ev or pilot studies so they can't be assured the validity of their conclusions

Answer 106

-Lacks generalisability because of small sample and sample being unrepresentative -Conclusions can be too specific

Answer 107

A form of secondary data Statistical analysis of the data gathered from multiple studies to develop a general understanding of behaviour and it helps make a more refined conclusion

Answer 108

STRENGTH Larger sample which makes it more representative of the target population WEAKNESS Idk gotta find out from smone

Answer 109

Non numerical and descriptive (in the form of long texts or pictures) (Unstructured interviews and questionnaires with open questions, unstructured observations, case studies)

Answer 110

STRENGTH -Provides indepth, detailed information about behaviour which gives you a greater insight so you can make more valid conclusions WEAKNESS -Difficult to analyse as it is descriptive, cannot break it down to numbers so you can't statistically analyse data making it difficult to form objective conclusions

Answer 111

Numerical data (Structured interviews and questionnaires with closed questions, structured observations, experiments, correlations)

Answer 112

STRENGTH -Easy to analyse as it is numerical, csb be used to analyse data using descriptive and inferential statistical tests so we can get objective conclusions WEAKNESS -Lacks depth and detail as it is not descriptive. It simply states the ppts behaviour without any reasoning or justification behind it. This reduced the validity of the data

Answer 113

Categorical/Discrete data Bars do not touch eachother and do not touch y axis

Answer 114

Continuous data

Answer 115

Track how variables change Overtime

Answer 116

Correlations

Answer 117

When the research is complete, researcher may send manuscript for that research to be published in a journal Research is sent for independent scrutiny by other anonymous psychologists (usually 2 or 3) working in a similar field and they conduct an objective review and decide whether it should be published

Answer 118

Appropriateness of methodology Importance of the research in a wider context How original the work is Possible improvements

Answer 119

-Accept manuscript as it is - Accept it with revisions (changes) - Ask the researcher to make revisions and resubmit for reviewing again -Reject without possibility of resubmission

Answer 120

-Ensure quality and validity of the research -Integrity -Importance -Originality -Allocating research funding

Answer 121

Doss it include a well formed hypothesis -Appropriateness of the chosen methodology -Statistical test used -Potential errors -Conclusions drawn -Ethics Reviewer may suggests ammendments and improvements Increases probability of errors being identified as researchers are less objective about own work

Answer 122

Published research has integrity as it has been independently scrutinised by other researchers so the report will be taken more seriously by other researchers and lay people

Answer 123

Judges importance of the research in a wider context, prevents dissemination of irrelevant findings, unwarranted claims, unacceptable interpretations, personal views and deliberate fraud

Answer 124

Assesses how original the work is or whether it refers to replicate research by other psychologists

Answer 125

Sometimes reviewers will evaluate proposed research (research that is yet to be done) in terms of aims, quality and value of research and decide whether or not to award funding May be coordinated by government run funding organisations such as the me council who ate invested in establishing which research in the most worthwhile

Answer 126

PUBLICATION BIAS : PEER review panels are biased towards publishing headline grabbing findings and prefer publishing statistically significant results. Research that doesn't meet these criteria is disregarded BIAS AGAINST NEW RESEARCHERS: If research is reviewed, challenges existing dominant research in the field, they would be biased against it, research more likely to be hindered ANONYMITY: Reviewer may hide behind anonymity to highly criticise for personal gain, researchers in direct competition for limited funding, some journals prefer an open reviewing system where reviewed names are public MISTAKES : peer review panels can still make mistakes and unknowingly fail to detect errors in research

Answer 127

Samsung notes HAPPY

Answer 128

Since the calculated value of S( ) is less/more than the critical value of S ( ), the difference in DV begweeb both conditions is/is not significant for N= and p<0.05 for a one/two tailed test