Research methods Flashcards
What is the Harvard referencing order?
Surname, initial, (year of publication), ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, volume number, page reference.
What is the null hypothesis>
A statment or claim being made which we are trying to disprove (no relationship between variables.)
What is the alternative hypothesis?
The hypothesis that we are trying to prove and which is accepted if we have sufficent evidence (states there is no relationship between variable)
What is a type 1 error?
false-positive-occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in population. optomistic
What is a type 2 error?
false-negative- occurs if the investigator fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in population. persimistic
What is the abstract in a pratcical report?
A summary of the entire investigation you have conducted (last stage of your report writing process.)
What is the introduction in the practical report?
sets the secne-contains relevant background theory and studies which are written in a logical manner.
What does the method contain in the practical report?
Design,apparatus/materials, participants, procedure
What are the 2 section of the reuslts section in the practical report?
descriptive stats (measures of central tendency etc.), inferential stats (correct statistical test.)
What is the discussion of the practical report?
Shows exactly what you are thinking. here you’ll explain your findings, link back to studies, weaknesses and modifications and furture research, conclusion
What are all the sections for a practical report?
Abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references and appendices
What is nominal data?
Category data e.g. hair colour
What is ordinal data?
data that is presented in rank order e.g. places in a beauty contest.
What is interval data?
data measured in fixed units with equal distance between points on the scale (e.g. IQ test).
What is the checklist for a Mann whitney U test?
-DV produces ordinal data
-Independent measures design
-Difference between IV levels
What are the calculation steps for the Mann Whitney U test?
-Rank scores (from lowest to highest)
-Use formula to find U
-calculate the smaller U
-U1=R1-n1(n1+1)/2
-U2=R2-n2(n2+1)/2
What is the checklist for the Wilcoxon signed ranks test?
-DV produces ordinal data
-Repeated measures design
-Difference between IV levels
What are the calculation steps for the Wilcoxon signed ranks test?
The differences in vales of each condition is calculated, differences are then ranked. The sum of positive and negative differences is found and T is the smallest of these values.
What is the level of significance for the Mann Whitney U test?
-If the calculated U value is less than the critical U value= reject null hypothesis (significant).
-If calculated U value is higher than critical U value=accept null hypothesis (not significant)
What is the level of significance for the Wilcoxon ranks test?
-If the calculated W value is less than the critical W value=reject null hypothesis (significant).
-If calculated W value is higher than critical W value=accept null hypothesis (not significant).
What is the checklist for the Chi-square test?
-DV produces nominal data
-Independent measures design
-Difference between IV levels.
What are the calculation steps for Chi-square test?
-Add totals for each column
-Calculate observed and expected frequency frequencies (use formula)
-Chi value-adding all cells of expected frequencies
x2=E (observed-expected)2/expected
What is the level of significance for Chi-square test?
-If the calculated Chi value is less than the critical Chi value=accept null hypothesis (not significant)
-If calculated Chi vale is higher than critical Chi value= reject null hypothesis (significant)
What is the checklist for the Binomal sign test?
-DV produces nominal data
-Repeated measures design
-Difference between IV levels