Research methods Flashcards

Question

what is an closed question

Answer 1

a questions where there is a choice of answers

Answer 2

a question where detail and elaboration is needed.

Answer 3

ADV: correlational analysis shows the direction and strength of relationships so the findings can be used to generate ideas for future research DISADV: correlational research only explains the two variables that are being studied, but other factors may be involved that were not known of, or accounted for.

Answer 4

``` > observe not interfere + high eco. val. + no demand characteristics + theory development - extraneous variables - observer bias ```

Answer 5

converting Qualitative to quantitative > coding units used > statistical analysis the carried out

Answer 6

small scale study before actual to foresee problems

Answer 7

* Counterbalancing- mixing up order of tasks to solve order effect * Random allocation- to create equal balance in the group * Extraneous variables- all variable are kept constant for all participants; same place, same time, same conditions * Standardizing instructions- keep everything as similar as possible from context to instructions.

Answer 8

• Different participants (one with audience and one without) in each group + Avoids order effect, learning effect and fatigue effect - Participants effect; one group may be better - Twice as many needed

Answer 9

• All participants do both tasks (on with audience, one without) + Participants variables reduced + Fewer participants needed - Order effect

Answer 10

``` • Different participants in each condition, but they are matched on important variables. + No order effect + Participants variables minimized - A lot of participants - Time- consuming ```

Answer 11

> target group is part of population you are interested in | > target group should be representative- if not it is biased

Answer 12

every member has equal chance of being selected. + Fair - Not representative- subgroups may not be selected.

Answer 13

participants are picked if they are available and willing. + Quick, easy and practical - Not representative- can’t generalize.

Answer 14

participants actively volunteer. + Willing participants ==> more in-depth analysis. - Participants are more likely to be more cooperative ==> not representative.

Answer 15

* If a participant knows they are being observed; they will change their behavior. * This will effect validity or reliability

Answer 16

- participants will present themselves in a better way

Answer 17

when participants form an idea about the study and try to ‘please’ the researcher.

Answer 18

• The researchers expectations influence their design and conduction of the study. Their behavior may produce demand characteristics

Answer 19

may lead to leading questions, participant’s answers may be adapted to fir expectations, and interviewers behavior can affect the participants.

Answer 20

stating a directional prediction e.g. group A will do better than B

Answer 21

states there will be a difference, but does not state what the difference will be e.g. one group will do better than the other

Answer 22

what you assume is true before the study; usually there will be no relationship

Answer 23

if you reject the null hypothesis you must form one; usually there is a relationship

Answer 24

``` + Lots of info + Quick, easy, cheap + Low researcher bias + Median and mode can be assessed + Allows for degrees of opinions + Anonymity - Bad questions = bad answers - Leading questions - Opened or closed questions provide different data and responses - Biased samples - Self- report ==> social desirability bias - Ethics- confidentiality ```

Answer 25

comprised of pre-determined questions, little training and easy to analyze. Behavior is observed as it occurs; high mundane reality, low demand characteristics + Rich data - Self report ==> social desirability bias - Impractical _. Time consuming - Ethics- confidentiality

Answer 26

``` set of discussion topics, less constrained about the conversation. New questions emerge as you proceed. + Rich data + Pilot study can be used - Cant generalize - Interviewer bias ==> to participants and study - Recollection unreliable - Confidentiality - Time consuming ```

Answer 27

``` • Intense description on a single case + Rich data + Unique ==> promote new studies or theories - Cant generalize - Ethics - Causal relationship cannot be assumed ```

Answer 28

``` CONFIDENTIALITY PRIVACY PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM INFORMED CONSENT RIGHT TO WITHDRAW DEBRIEF DECEPTION ANIMAL RIGHTS ```

Answer 29

researcher participates in activity + Develops relationship - Lose objectivity which lead to social desirability bias

Answer 30

researcher observes + Greater objectivity - Low sense of group dynamic

Answer 31

pre-defined behavior categories used Categories must be operationalised and must be objective + Relevant data - Interesting data unrecorded

Answer 32

Participants respond to the info they receive and try harder to give desired answer. Opposite can happen if participants aren’t interested in study

Research methods Flashcards

(56 cards)