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Learning Psychology > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

why do we use animals in research

A

to understand how our body functions and the diseases that affect us

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2
Q

what are the three Rs

A

refinement
reduction
replacement

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3
Q

what does refinement mean

A

finding ways of making animals lives better in labs

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4
Q

what does reduction mean

A

using as few animals as possible

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5
Q

what does replacement mean

A

using non animal alternatives wherever they exist

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6
Q

what alternatives are there to using animals

A

cell cultures

must only not use animals if the other way is s effective

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7
Q

why do non human research

A

may be out right interested in animals
great control and objectivity
experiments that can’t be done on humans

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8
Q

what is moral justification

A

pain and self awareness
- Speciesism
SINGER argues it is equivalent to racism
GRAY says duty of care must be to humans

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9
Q

what are the existing constraints

A
  • strict controls under the law
  • animal act 1986
  • must have a license
    can only be done if it is justifiable:
    results are important enough
    no other way of getting results
    animals are put under the least harm possible
    minimum number of animals used
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10
Q

what are the animals ethical principles

A 
- CARE OVER CAGING AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 
must be suitable and licensed 
- AVOID DISTRESS 
- QUALIFIED RESEARCHERS 
- COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 
- LOOK FOR ALTERNATIVES
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11
Q

what are the BPS guidelines

A
  • legislation
  • choice of species
  • no. of animals
  • procedures
  • procurement of animals
  • housing and care
  • final disposal of animals
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12
Q

strengths of animals in labs

A
  • GRAY argues that we have a responsibility to humans t o understand as much as we can
  • SINGER so research should take place if it is for the greater good of the greater number
  • we can generalise findings as we have similarities with animals
  • more controls can be put in place
  • cheaper
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13
Q

weaknesses of animals in labs

A
  • speciesism

- may not be generalisable

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14
Q

animals practical evaluation

A

+ small and easy to handle
+ short gestation period
+ similar structure
+ strong controls

  • hard to generalise
  • humans are more complex
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15
Q

ethical evaluation

A

+ gray argues its important to help our own species
+ knowledge can benefit humans and animals
+ strong guidelines

  • animals feel pain and become distressed
  • have an obligation to treat animals properly
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16
Q

what is participant observation

A

observer is a member of the group and takes part in the activities of the group

17
Q

strengths of participant observation

A

does not disrupt what is happening

easy to get access

18
Q

weaknesses of participant observation

A

so involved that may not makes observations

hard to replicate

19
Q

what is non participant observations

A

fully not part of what is happening. sit away not involved

20
Q

strengths of non participant observation

A

concentrate on observations

recording data is easier

21
Q

weaknesses of non participant observation

A

has to be nearby and will be noticeable

22
Q

what are structured observations

A

fully planned in advance with a coding system and predetermined sections

23
Q

strengths of structured obsrvations

A

more controlled

record more natural behaviour

24
Q

weaknesses of structured observations

A

hard to interpret when procedures are not followed

25
Q

what are naturalistic observations

A

take place in participants natural settings

26
Q

strengths of naturalistic observations

A

high ecological validity

in depth data

27
Q

weaknesses of naturalistic observations

A

subjective

28
Q

what are overt observations

A

know that the observation is taking place and are aware

29
Q

strengths of overt observations

A

ethical

informed consent

30
Q

weaknesses of overt observations

A

may not act natural

difficult to carry out because even observes would be watched

31
Q

what are covert observations

A

participants do not know that the observation is taking place

32
Q

strengths of covert observations

A

reactions are natural

33
Q

weaknesses of covert observations

A

unethical as no informed consent if not in public

goes against guidelines

34
Q

what is content analysis

A

whats been analysed is referred to as an artefact
not observing people directly
eg magazines and newspapers

35
Q

what coding system is used

A

breaks down info into categories

36
Q

strengths of content analysis

A

high ecological validity as based on observations
artefacts already exist so no chance of demand characteristics
can be replicated as long as artefacts are publicly available

37
Q

weaknesses of content analysis

A

observer bias - different interpretations
big culture bias as effected by language
cant draw cause and effect relationships

Learning Psychology (12 decks)

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