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Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Lab Experiment DEF

A

An investigation in a controlled environment where there is a direct manipulation of variables. It measures the DV against the IV.

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2
Q

Advantages of Lab Experiments

A
  • You can easily control the variables.
  • Controlled conditions makes it easi;y replicable
  • You can decipher what the cause and effect was more easily.
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3
Q

Disadvantages of Lab Experiments

A
  • Lacks Ecological Validity

- If people are tested in a lab, they may be subject to demand characteristics.

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4
Q

Field Experiment DEF

A

An investigation in a natural environment where an IV is manipulated to see its effect on the DV.

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5
Q

Advantages of Field Experiments

A
  • High ecological validity

- Less Demand characteristics

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6
Q

Disadvantages of Field Experiments

A
  • Harder to replicate
  • People may not give informed consent
  • Hard to control variables
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7
Q

Quasi Experiment DEF

A

The study of effects of a natural event where the IV is naturally manipulated.

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8
Q

Advantages of Quasi Experiments

A
  • High ecological validity

- As the researcher has little involvement, there are few demand characteristics

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9
Q

Disadvantages of Quasi Experiments

A
  • Harder to control variables
  • Harder to replicate
  • Few opportunities to study natural events
  • Many possible confounding variables
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10
Q

Naturalistic Observation DEF

A

Observing behaviour in a natural setting where the researcher may or may not influence behaviour. Disclosed (researcher reveals themself) undisclosed (researcher hidden)

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11
Q

Advantages of Naturalistic Observation

A
  • High ecological validity
  • If undisclosed, no demand characteristics
  • Reflect real life situation
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12
Q

Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation

A
  • Hard to replicate/control variables
  • If disclosed, there are demand characteristics.
  • There is observer bias
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13
Q

Controlled Observation DEF

A

Observing behaviour in a natural environment but the researcher can manipulate aspects of the situation.

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14
Q

Advantages of Controlled Observation

A
  • High ecological validity
  • Easier to replicate
  • Easier for researcher to focus on behaviour
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15
Q

Participant Observation DEF

A

Observing behaviour in a natural setting when the researcher joins the group in everyday life.

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16
Q

Advantages of Participant Observation

A
  • Natural setting

- Easy to focus on behaviour

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17
Q

Disadvantages of Participant Observation

A
  • Observer bias
  • Hard to replicate
  • No informed consent
  • Presence of researcher may influence results. Demand characteristics.
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18
Q

Disadvantages of Controlled Observation

A
  • The setting is controlled so there are demand characteristics
  • Observer bias
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19
Q

Questionnaires DEF

A

A list of pre-written questions that a participant will answer.

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20
Q

Advantages of Questionnaires

A
  • Fast
  • Cheap
  • Easy to replicate
  • Closed questions can be analysed
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21
Q

Disadvantages of Questionnaires

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A
  • Closed questions give limited responses
  • There can be social desirability effects
  • Lower response rates
  • Open questions are hard to analyse
22
Q

Structured Interviews DEF

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A

A conversation between participant and researcher where fixed questions are asked in a particular order.

23
Q

Advantages of Structured Interviews

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A
  • Fast
  • Cheap/Easy to replicate
  • Researcher can easily focus on what they want
24
Q

Disadvantages of Structured Interviews

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A
  • Closed questions = limited responses
  • There can be social desirability effects
  • Evaluation apprehension
25
Unstructured Interviews DEF
A conversation between researcher and participant with no fixed questions in no particular order
26
Advantages of Unstructured Interviews
- Provides qualitative data | - Can develop into clearer answers
27
Disadvantages of Unstructured Interviews
- Demand Characteristics - Hard to replicate - Hard to compare - Investigator may manipulate answers
28
Correlational Analysis DEF
A technique to see if a DV and IV are associated and measures strength. The relationship can be; casual/chance/confounding variable
29
Advantages of Correlational Analysis
- Allows to measure the strength of correlation | - Trends can lead to establish a research project
30
Disadvantages of Correlational Analysis
- It doesn't show the effect of confounding variables - You can't tell which variable causes which - It doesn't state whether chance or relationship caused the correlation
31
Internal Reliability DEF
The extent to which a measure is consistent within itself.
32
External Reliability DEF
How consistently a method measures over time when repeated.
33
Internal Validity DEF
Results due to the factors researchers suggest?
34
External Validity DEF
Results can be generalised to different environments/participants or times.
35
Face Validity DEF
"Does the research really test what it claims to test?" | EG- Does this IQ test really measure intelligence effectively?
36
Ecological Validity
"Does the test produce data that are, or will be, reflected in naturally occurring situations?" EG- Are these results found in real life educational settings?
37
Nominal Data
Nominal = Named categories. EG- Boy/Girl Basic form of data No true mathematical value
38
Nominal Data uses...? (Independent Measures)
cHI squared. "Hi (name)!" | Nominal NAMED
39
Ordinal Data
ORDinal = ORDered Data EG- Place in a race No true mathematical values Understand relationship between places
40
Ordinal Data uses...? (Independent Measures)
Mann Whitney U
41
Nominal Data uses...? (Repeated Measures)
Sign Test
42
Ordinal Data uses...? (Repeated Measures)
Wilcoxon
43
Ordinal Data uses...? (Correlational Analysis)
Spearman's Rho
44
Interval Data
``` inTErval = TEmperature EG- temp of water True mathematical values can go below 0 Relationships between data known - EG: -2 to -4 is the same distance as 34 to 36 ```
45
Interval Data uses...? (Independent Measures)
Mann Whitney U
46
Interval Data uses...? (Repeated Measures)
Wilcoxon
47
Interval Data uses...? (Correlational Analysis)
Spearman's Rho
48
Ratio Data
``` rati0 = True value of 0 EG- Height in cm True mathematical values stops at 0 relationship between data known ```
49
Ratio Data uses...? (Independent Measures)
Mann Whitney U
50
Ratio Data uses...? (Repeated Measures)
Wilcoxon
51
Ratio Data uses...? (Correlational Analysis)
Spearman's Rho

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