Research Methods

Question 1

Non Probability sampling types

Answer 1

Voluntary, convenience, snowball

Question 2

Probability sampling types

Answer 2

Random, stratified , stratified random

Question 3

Define volunteer sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘

Answer 3

Participants volunteer, not chosen. (+ quick, inexpensive, researcher tasks limited) (- highly unrep., strongly opinionated people, no control of make up)

Question 4

Define Convenience sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘

Answer 4

Participants chosen bc they’re easily accessible to reseracher. (AKA opportunity) (+ quick, inexpensive, identifies EV) (- findings can’t be generalised to pop., biased)

Question 5

Define Snowball sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘

Answer 5

Researchers interviews individuals of interest who provide names for other people of interest in pop. (+ cheap, easy, participants interested) (- biased, little control over make up, unlikely rep.)

Question 6

Define Random sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘

Answer 6

Every member of the pop has an equal chance of being selected as a participant. (+ quick, less biased, rep) (- expensive, chance= bias component)

Question 7

Define stratified sampling. Include ‘+’ and ‘-‘

Answer 7

When research requires a sample to contain same proportion of participants as found in population. (+ no bias, results applied to pop, reps) (- time consuming, expensive, requires careful planning)

Question 8

Define stratified random sampling

Answer 8

When participants are randomly selected from a stratified group for a sample.

Question 9

Define sample data

Answer 9

Obtained from experimental sample. Can be generalised to population if it’s representative.

Question 10

Define population data

Answer 10

Obtained from individuals from a population but cannot be generalised to that population.

Question 11

Define ethics

Answer 11

standards that guide individuals to identify good, desirable and acceptable conduct.

Question 12

Define the ethical value: Justice

Answer 12

fairly recruited, not exploited and access benefits

Question 13

Define the ethical value: Research merit and integrity

Answer 13

Well designed and soundly based

Question 14

Define the ethical value: Beneficence

Answer 14

researcher can justify any risks/ damages

Question 15

Define the ethical value: Respect

Answer 15

Researcher must have proper regard for welfare, customs and culture

Question 16

Define Ethical right: Professional conduct

Answer 16

benefits must outweigh any risks ad welfare of participants must not be compromised.

Question 17

Define Ethical right: Role of the experimenter

Answer 17

must be objective to ensure researcher has no effect on observed behaviour/ recorded results

Question 18

Experimenter effect includes;

Answer 18

1: Treating e/c groups differently. 2: non-verbal feedback OR verbal feedback

Question 19

Minimise Experimenter effect with…

Answer 19

1. Double-blind study, Scripts/instructions, physical/emotional distance

Question 20

Define Ethical right: Informed consent

Answer 20

participants must be made fully aware of the study in order to consent it (benefits, risks, purpose) Must be 18+/parental permission, written form and of mental sound ability.

Question 21

What is Deception?

Answer 21

deliberately misleading/withholding information about nature of a study. Must justify if so (cause no harm or affect participating willingness)

Question 22

Define Ethical right: Debrief

Answer 22

A post-study interview where all aspects of the study are explored, including how and why deception was used. Ensure no distress occurred.

Question 23

Define Ethical right: Privacy

Answer 23

Right of protection from unwanted exposure and amend incorrect factual details

Question 24

Define Ethical right: Anonymity

Answer 24

protection of identity

Question 25

Define Ethical right: Confidentiality

Answer 25

Relationship between a professional ie. psychologist to a client. the degree of secrecy attached to info.

Question 26

Define Ethical right: Voluntary Participation

Answer 26

participant must agree to take part on own accord free of bribery/threat

Question 27

Define Ethical right: Right to withdraw

Answer 27

Participant must be made aware prior to study that they can leave at any given time along w/ results free of punishment/penalty

Question 28

Define: Non-human rights

Answer 28

Observe natural and unbiased behaviour. Reduction, replacement, refinement.

Question 29

Outline Milgram experiment

Answer 29

Experimental study. Pop= 40 males aged 20-50. Studied obedience. Administer electric shocks to learners if incorrect answer is given. Shocks intensify. 65% gave max n.o of shocks, ALL went to 300. Shocks ranged 15-450 volts

Question 30

Describe repeated measures

Answer 30

use 1 group of people as E+C group. (+ characters identical, fewer people needed) (- order FX, can be fixed w/ counter balancing)

Question 31

What is order effects?

Answer 31

When extraneous variables such as decrease in fatigue and repetitive practice effects participants' performance, hence, an experiment's results

Question 32

Describe independent measures

Answer 32

different participants used in each condition of the IV. (+ avoids order fx) (- time consuming, more people needed)

Question 33

Describe Matched groups

Answer 33

Match participants in each condition in terms of vital characteristics (+ avoids order fx, no counter balancing needed) (1 pt drops, another lost, time consuming as exact matches difficult to find)

Question 34

What's the Hawthorne Effect?

Answer 34

Participants may change behaviour if they know they're being studied, causing EVs. Can be reduced using single-blind studies.

Question 35

What's the placebo effect?

Answer 35

When a participant's belief in a treatment/substance effects their response.

Question 36

Define placebo

Answer 36

a harmless, inactive substance that looks identical to the IV

Question 37

What's a double blind study?

Answer 37

Neither experimenter/participants know if placebo is given/taken.

Question 38

Define reliability type: Internal consistency

Answer 38

Questions measuring the same